Caerphilly is a county constituency centred on the town of Caerphilly in South Wales. It returns one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.
The constituency has always elected Labour MPs.

Members of Parliament

Legal status
In some civil law systems, an association is considered a special form of contract. In the Civil Code of Quebec this is a type of nominate contract. The association can be a body corporate, and can thus open a bank account, make contracts (rent premises, hire employees, take out an insurance policy), lodge a complaint etc. In France, conventional associations are regulated by the Waldeck-Rousseau law of July 1, 1901 and are thus called Association loi 1901, except in Alsace and Moselle where the law of April 19, 1908 applies (these countries were German in 1901). The Civil Code of Germany contains different regulations for registered non-profit and for-profit associations regarded as juristic persons ("Vereine", articles 21-79) on the one hand and for not necessarily registered associations by contract ("Gesellschaften", articles 705-740) on the other hand. In Texas, state law has statutes concerning unincorporated nonprofit associations that allow unincorporated associations that meet certain criteria to operate as entities independent of their members, with the right to own property, make contracts, sue and be sued, with limited liability for their officers and members.

Civil law
In most Australian states a similar set of laws allows not-for-profit associations to become legal entities with a limit to the liability of its members. An example of such a law is the South Australian 'Associations Incorporation Act 1985'([1]). This allows for the creation of a legal entity able to buy and sell land and in general enter into legally binding contracts. Many clubs and societies begin life as an unincorporated body and seek to attain incorporated status to protect its members from legal liability and in many cases to seek government financial assistance only available to an incorporated body. Clubs and Societies wishing to incorporate must meet the provisions of the relevant state act and lodge their constitution with the corresponding state government authority.

Freedom of association

Collective
Cooperative
Ry
Society
Swiss Verein

In computer networking, bandwidth management is the process of measuring and controlling the communications (traffic, packets) on a network link, to avoid filling the link to capacity or overfilling the link, which would result in network congestion and poor performance.

Overview
The user of the only computer on a connection will probably know what application caused the problem or (barring spyware that hides itself deep within a system) figure it out pretty quickly. However, this task is much harder for network administrator, who does not necessarily know what applications other people are running on their computers, or how they use the network.
Conversely, this task is much more important for network administrators. A user downloading large files can happily go and do something else while they wait for the download to finish. But on a network, if one user does this, the others will start complaining that they can't access web pages, or their access is slow, and demand that the administrator fix it.

Finding the culprit
To keep your Internet connection working fast and smoothly, you must control your use of bandwidth, to stay below the maximum capacity of the network link. To control something, you must be able to measure it.
These tasks are usually viewed separately: much software exists for network traffic measurement and network traffic control, but these are normally not integrated. And indeed it may not be necessary to integrate them. Once the cause of the heavy traffic is identified, it is usually simpler, and may be more effective, and to shut it down or reschedule it than to try to manage its bandwidth use.
Many aspects of the Internet protocol suite prevent communications links from reaching their maximum capacity in practice. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the link utilisation below the maximum theoretical capacity of the link, in order to ensure fast responsiveness and eliminate bottleneck queues at the link endpoints, which increase latency. This is called congestion avoidance.
Some issues which limit the performance of a given link are:

TCP determines the capacity of a connection by flooding it until packets start being dropped (Slow-start)
Queueing in routers results in higher latency and jitter as the network approaches (and occasionally exceeds) capacity
TCP global synchronisation when the network reaches capacity results in waste of bandwidth
Burstiness of web traffic requires spare bandwidth to rapidly accommodate the bursty traffic
Lack of widespread support for explicit congestion notification and Quality of Service management on the Internet
Internet Service Providers typically retain control over queue management and quality of service at their end of the link

Michael Lee Alfonso (January 24, 1965 – February 17, 2007) better known by his ring name Mike Awesome, was an American professional wrestler best known in America for his work in Extreme Championship Wrestling and in World Wrestling Entertainment and also in Japan for his work with Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling under the name The Gladiator

Career
Alfonso moved on to Japan, joining Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) in late 1990 and using the name The Gladiator.
In 1993, Alfonso appeared in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) for a short period (as "Awesome" Mike Awesome") before returning to FMW. In 1994, the Gladiator finally captured his first title, teaming with Big Titan to defeat Atsushi Onita & Katsutoshi Niyama in the finals of the FMW Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship Tournament. before returning to ECW. Almost immediately upon arriving in ECW for his third stint, he shocked the wrestling world by winning the ECW World Heavyweight Championship at Anarchy Rulz by defeating the reigning champion Tazz and arch nemesis Masato Tanaka in a three-way dance, which was (kayfabe) signed on the spot.

1990-2000
Awesome continued to be a major factor in ECW early in 2000, including teaming with Raven to beat Tanaka & Tommy Dreamer for the ECW World Tag Team Championship. During this time, he had a feud with Vampiro, which created many brawls between Awesome & Vampiro's allies in the Insane Clown Posse. At one point, Awesome battled Shaggy 2 Dope & Violent J in a Handicap match, which led to Awesome Powerbombing 2 Dope on top of his van (who then slid off, injuring himself).

2000-2001
Going into 2001, Awesome was involved in a memorable moment during which he threw Chris Kanyon off the top of the first level of a triple cage onto the entrance ramp. He dropped the '70s gimmick in favor of a "Career Killer" and later "Canadian Career Killer" gimmick and joined the Team Canada stable with Lance Storm and Elix Skipper. A feud with the Filthy Animals led to Awesome challenging Billy Kidman to a Hair-vs-Hair match, however before the bout could take place, Team Canada attacked Kidman backstage leaving him unable to compete. Konnan (who had no hair) took his place, and got the win, giving the Animals the right to cut off Awesome's long-time mullet

2001-2005
Awesome made an appearance at the WWE's 2005 ECW One Night Stand reunion pay-per-view, again facing Masato Tanaka. Throughout the match, Joey Styles (who was doing commentary) frequently made references to the way Awesome left ECW in 2000, calling him a "Judas" and making somewhat disparaging comments about him and even going as far as to say he should have committed suicide (after performing a suicide dive), but also handing out praise for his in-ring work. The crowd also greeted Awesome with jeers at the beginning of the match, but by the end -- which Awesome won after Awesome Bombing Tanaka to the outside of the ring and through a table and following that up with a slingshot splash -- were chanting "This match rules!" and gave both men a standing ovation

In wrestling

• ECW World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)


• ECW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Raven

• FMW Independent World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)


• FMW World Brass Knuckles Championship (2 times)


• FMW World Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Big Titan (1) and Mr. Pogo (1)


• FMW World Street Fight 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Horace Boulder & Hisakatsu Oya

• JAPW Championship (1 time)

• MLW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

• WWF Hardcore Championship (1 time)

Extreme Championship Wrestling
ECW World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
ECW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Raven
Frontier Martial Arts Wrestling
FMW Independent World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
FMW World Brass Knuckles Championship (2 times)
FMW World Brass Knuckles Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Big Titan (1) and Mr. Pogo (1)
FMW World Street Fight 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Horace Boulder & Hisakatsu Oya
Jersey All Pro Wrestling
JAPW Championship (1 time)
Major League Wrestling
MLW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Federation
WWF Hardcore Championship (1 time)

This page is a summary of services and tools provided by Google Inc.. For other uses, see Google (disambiguation).
This list of Google products includes all major desktop, mobile and online products released or acquired by Google Inc.. They are either a gold release, in beta development, or part of the Google Labs initiative. This list also includes previous products, that have either been merged discarded or renamed. Features of products, such as Web Search features, are not listed.

Desktop products
Desktop application to manage a users Google AdWords account. The application allows users to make changes to their account and advertising campaigns before synchronising with the online service.
Desktop search application, that indexes e-mails, documents, music, photos, chats, Web history and other files. It allows the installation of Google Gadgets.
Virtual globe that uses satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS over a 3D globe.
Alerts the user of new messages in their Gmail account.
Allows users to send images across the Internet and publish them to blogs.
Alerts the user of new messages in Gmail and upcoming events in Google Calendar.
Collection of computer applications -- some Google-created, some not -- including Google Earth, Google Desktop, Picasa, Google Talk and Mozilla Firefox.
Slideshow screensaver as part of Google Pack, which displays images sourced from a hard disk, or through RSS and Atom Web feeds.
Photo organization and editing application, providing photo library options and simple effects.
An application to help uploading images to the "Picasa Web Albums" service It consists of both an iPhoto plug-in and a stand-alone application.
VPN client for Google WiFi users, whose equipment does not support WPA or 802.1x protocols
Simple 3D sketching program with unique dragging interface and direct integration with Google Earth.
Application for VoIP and instant messaging. It consists of both a service and a client used to connect to the service, which uses the XMPP protocol.
Video player to watch videos from Google Video, including unique resume and download features. (Also included in Google Pack.)
Uses various caching technologies to increase download speed of web pages.

AdWords Editor [1] (Mac OS X (10.4), Windows 2000 SP3+/XP/Vista)
Desktop [2] (Linux, Mac OS X, Windows 2000 SP3+/XP/Vista)
Earth [3] (Linux, Mac OS X and Windows 2000/XP/Vista)
Gmail Notifier [4] (Windows 2000/XP)
Hello [5] (Windows 98/ME/2000/XP)
Notifier [6] (Mac OS X)
Pack [7] (Windows XP/Vista)
Photos Screensaver [8]
Picasa [9] (Linux and Windows 2000/XP/Vista)
Picasa Web Albums Uploader [10] (Mac OS X)
Secure Access [11] (Windows 2000/XP)
SketchUp [12] (Mac OS X and Windows 2000/Windows XP)
Talk [13] (Windows 2000/Windows XP/Server 2003/Vista)
Video Player [14] (Mac OS X/Windows 2000/XP)
Web Accelerator [15] (Windows 2000 SP3+/XP/Vista) Desktop extensions

Mobile products
These products must be accessed through a browser on a mobile device.
Only available on some US networks. Allows you to post to your Blogger blog from a mobile device.
Read a list of all Google Calendar events from a mobile device. There is also the option to quickly add events to your personal calendar.
Access a Gmail account from a mobile device using a standard mobile web browser. Alternatively, Google provides a specific mobile application to access and download Gmail messages quicker.
Access Google News on a mobile device using a simpler interface compared to the full online application.
Makes any web page mobile-friendly.
Simple version of iGoogle - you must visit the information page to choose which modules to display on your personal mobile version as not all modules are compatible.
Updated version of the previous Froogle Mobile
View Google Reader on a mobile device.
Search web pages, images, local listings and mobile-specific web pages through the Google search engine. If a webpage is not tailored for a mobile device Google will provide a simple text version of the webpage generated using an algorithm.
Lets you view photo albums that you have stored online.

Blogger Mobile [22]
Calendar [23]
Gmail [24]
News [25]
Google Mobilizer[26]
iGoogle [27]
Product Search [28]
Reader [29]
Mobile search [30]
Picasa Web Albums [31] Online mobile products
These products must be downloaded and run from a mobile device.
A downloadable application that has many advantages over accessing Gmail through a web interface on a mobile such as the ability to interact with Gmail features including labels and archiving. Requires a properly configured Java Virtual Machine, which is not available by default on some platforms (such as Palm's Treo).
Mobile application for viewing maps on a mobile device. Unlike other Mobile Google products, mobile Maps is available in non-Java versions, avoiding the difficulties with getting a Java Runtime Environment installed and properly configured on the mobile device. Maps mobile is currently available in versions for Windows Mobile and Palm OS smartphones.

Gmail mobile [32]
Maps Mobile [33] Downloadable mobile products
These products must be accessed via a Web browser.

Web products
Advertisement program for Website owners. Adverts generate revenue on either a per-click or per-thousand-ads-displayed basis, and are adverts shown are from AdWords users, depending on which adverts are relevant.
Google's flagship advertising product, and main source of revenue. AdWords offers pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, and site-targeted advertising for both text and banner ads.
Integrated AdWords tool for testing different website content, in order to gain to the most successful advertising campaigns.
Radio advertising program for US businesses. Google began to roll this product out en masse on 15 May 2007 through its exisiting AdWords interface.
Calling system so users can call advertisers for free at Google's expense from search results pages.
Scheme for non-profit organizations to benefit from free Cost-Per-Click advertising on the AdWords network.
CPM-driven television advertising scheme available on a trial basis, currently aimed towards professional advertisers, agencies and partners.

AdSense [34]
AdWords [35]
AdWords Website Optimizer [36]
Audio Ads [37]
Click-to-Call [38]
Grants [39]
TV Ads [40] Advertising
Google 3D Warehouse is an online service that hosts 3D models of existing objects, locations (including buildings) and vehicles created in Google SketchUp by the aforementioned application's users. The models can be downloaded into Google SketchUp by other users or Google Earth.
Custom domain and service integration service for businesses, enterprise and education, featuring Gmail and other Google products.
Weblog publishing tool. Users can create a custom, hosted blogs with features such as photo publishing, comments, group blogs, blogger profiles and mobile-based posting with little technical knowledge.
Free online calendar. It includes a unique "quick add" function which allows users to insert events using natural language input. Other features include Gmail integration and calendar sharing. It is similar to those offered by Yahoo! and MSN.
Collaborative spreadsheets and writer application, combining Google Spreadsheets and Writely into a single interface. It was released on October 11, 2006.
Social networking site built specifically for use on mobile phones. Users text their location to the service, which then notifies them of crushes, friends, friends' friends and interesting venues nearby.
News feed management services, including feed traffic analysis and advertising facilities.
Mini-applications designed to display information or provide a function in a succinct manner. Available in Universal or Desktop format.
Free Webmail and POP e-mail service provided by Google, known for its abundant storage and advanced interface. It was first released in an invitation-only form on April 1, 2004. Mobile access and Google Talk integration is also featured.
Free voice communications product that includes a POTS telephone number. It includes a follow-me service that allows the user to forward their GrandCentral phone number to simultaneously ring up to 6 other phone numbers. It also features a unified voice mail service.
Customizable homepage, which can contain Web feeds and Google Gadgets, launched in May 2005. It was renamed to iGoogle on April 30, 2007 (previously used internally by Google).
Soccer community site, similar to services such as MySpace, in that each member has a profile, and can join groups based on shared interests. The service allows a user to meet other fans, create games and clubs, access athletes from Nike, and watch and upload video clips and photos.
Application wiki company that offers enterprise social software and was founded by Joe Kraus and Graham Spencer, co-founders of Excite. The product is targeted mainly to small and medium-sized businesses. It was acquired by Google on October 31, 2006.
Web clipping application for saving online research. The tool permits users to clip text, images, and links from pages while browsing, save them online, access them from any computer, and share them with others.
Web conferencing software, used internally by Google's employees. Google acquired the software from creator Marratech on April 19, 2007. Google has not yet stated what it will do with the product.
Social networking service, where users can list their personal and professional information, create relationships amongst friends and join communities of mutual interest. In November 2006, Google opened Orkut registration to everyone, instead of being invitation only.
Webpage-publishing program, which can be used to create pages and to host them on Google's servers.
Online photo sharing, with integration with the main Picasa program..
Web-based news aggregator, capable of reading Atom and RSS feeds. It allows the user to search, import and subscribe to feeds. The service also embeds audio enclosures in the page. Major revisions to Google Reader were made in October 2006.
Community-driven knowledge market website. Launched on June 26, 2007 that allows users to ask and answer questions posed by other users. [60]
Popular free video sharing Web site which lets users upload, view, and share video clips. In October 2006, Google, Inc., announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the company for $1.65 billion USD in Google's stock. The deal closed on 13 November 2006.

3D Warehouse [41]
Apps [42]
Blogger [43]
Calendar [44]
Docs & Spreadsheets [45]
Dodgeball [46]
FeedBurner [47]
Gadgets [48]
Gmail [49] (Also known as Google Mail)
GrandCentral [50]
iGoogle [51] (Previously Google Personalized Homepage)
Joga Bonito [52]
JotSpot [53]
Notebook [54]
Marratech e-Meeting
Orkut [55]
Page Creator [56]
Picasa Web Albums [57]
Reader [58]
Questions and Answers [59] (Google Russia Only)
YouTube [61] Communication & Publishing
Google's site for developers interested in Google-related development. The site contains Open Source code and lists of their API services.
Platform for users to expand and apply Google Search to specific sites and topics, using Custom Search Engine, Subscribed Links and Topics.
An extension for Firefox and a plug-in for Internet Explorer that supports offline access to web applications.
Web Mashup creation with publishing facilities, as well as syntax highlighting and debugging.
Sitemap submission and analysis for the Sitemaps protocol. Renamed from Google Sitemaps to cover broader features, including query statistics and robots.txt analysis.

Code [62]
Co-op [63]
Gears [64]
Mashup Editor [65]
Webmaster Tools [66] (Previously Google Sitemaps) Development
Mapping service that indexes streets and satellite imagery, providing driving directions and local business search.
Imagery of Mars using the Google Maps interface. Elevation, visible imagery and infrared imagery can be shown. It was released on March 13, 2006, the anniversary of the birth of astronomer Percival Lowell.
NASA imagery of the moon through the Google Maps interface. It was launched on July 20, 2005, in honor of the first manned Moon landing on July 20, 1969.
Taxi, limousine and shuttle search service, using real time position of vehicles in 14 US cities. Ride Finder uses the Google Maps interface and cooperates with any car service that wishes to participate.
Public transport trip planning through the Google Maps interface. Google Transit was released on December 7, 2005, and is currently available in nine cities.
(For Google Earth, see "Standalone applications")

Maps [67]
Mars [68]
Moon [69]
Ride Finder [70]
Transit [71] Mapping
Search engine for the blind and visually impaired. It prioritises usable and accessible web sites in the search results, so the user incurs minimal distractions when browsing.
E-mail notification service, which sends alerts based on chosen search terms, whenever there are new results. Alerts include web results, Groups results and news.
Google submission database, that enables content owners to submit content, have it hosted and make it searchable. Information within the database is organized using attributes.
Weblog search engine, with a continuously-updated search index. Results include all blogs, not just those published through Blogger. Results can be viewed and filtered by date.
Search engine for the full text of printed books. Google scans and stores in its digital database. The content that is displayed depends on the arrangement with the publishers, ranging from short extracts to entire books.
Search engine for over 6,600 print catalogs, which are acquired through Optical character recognition.
Online payment processing service provided by Google aimed at simplifying the process of paying for online purchases. Webmasters can choose to implement Google Checkout as a form of payment.
Search engine for programming code found on the Internet.
Collection of links arranged into hierarchical subcategories. The links and their categorization are from the Open Directory Project, but are sorted using PageRank.
Navigation directory, specifically for Chinese users.
Options for testing new interfaces whilst searching with Google, including Timeline views and keyboard shortcuts.
Searchable US business news, opinion, and financial data. Features include company-specific pages, blog search, interactive charts, executives information, discussion groups and a portfolio.
Web and e-mail discussion service and Usenet archive. Users can join a group, make a group, publish posts, track their favorite topics, write a set of group web pages updatable by members and share group files. [85]. In January, 2007, version 3 of Google Groups was released. New features include the ability to create customised pages and share files.
Game that induces participants to submit valid descriptions (labels) of images in the web, in order to later improve Image Search.
Image search engine, with results based on the filename of the image, the link text pointing to the image and text adjacent to the image. When searching, a thumbnail of each matching image is displayed.
Collection of linguistic applications, including one that allows users to translate text or web pages from one language to another, and another that allows searching in web pages located in a specific country or written in a specific language.
Search engine tailored towards everyday needs, such as train times, recipes and housing.
A specialised search engine that obtains Film showing times near a user-entered location as well as providing reviews of films compiled from several different websites,
Music ranking of the songs played with iTunes, Winamp, Windows Media Player and Yahoo Music. Trends are generated by Google Talk's "share your music status" feature.
Automated news compilation service and search engine for news. There are versions of the aggregator for more than 20 languages. While the selection of news stories is fully automated, the sites included are selected by human editors.
Feature within Google News, that allows users to browse articles from over 200 years ago.
Search engine to search through millions of patents, each result with its own page, including drawings, claims and citations.
Price engine that searches online stores, including auctions, for products.
Google China's search trend site, similar to Google Zeitgeist. Currently part of Google Labs.
Search engine for the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and scholarly fields. Today, the index includes virtually all peer-reviewed journals available online, except those published by Elsevier, the world's largest scientific publisher.
Search engine that means to "test innovative user interfaces." Among its features are the ability to display image results on the same page as web results, feedback about features, and continuous scrolling results. Aside from its privacy policy and terms of service, there is no Google branding on the site.
List of items generated when the user enters a few examples. For example, entering "Green, Purple, Red" produces the list "Green, Purple, Red, Blue, Black, White, Yellow, Orange, Brown."
Mobile phone short message service offered by Google in several countries, including the USA, Japan, Canada, Germany, Spain and formerly the UK. It allows search queries to be sent as a text message. The results are sent as a reply, with no premium charge for the service.
Auto-completion in search results while typing to give popular searches.
Listings for search engines for University websites.
Search engine and Personalized Homepage that exclusively draws from sites with a .gov TLD.
Video search engine and online store for clips internally submitted by companies and the general public. Google's main video partnerships include agreements with CBS, NHL and the NBA. Also searches videos posted on YouTube.
Non-premium phone service for searching and contacting local businesses
Web page tracking, which records Google searches, Web pages, images, videos, music and more. It also includes Bookmarks, search trends and item recommendations.
Web search engine, which is Google's core product. It was the company's first creation, coming out of beta on September 21, 1999, and remains their most popular and famous service. It receives 1 billion requests a day and is the most used search engine on the Internet.

Accessible Search [72]
Alerts [73]
Base [74]
Blog search [75]
Book Search [76] (Previously Google Print)
Catalogs [77]
Checkout [78]
Code Search [79]
Directory [80]
Directory [81] (Google China)
Experimental Search [82]
Finance [83]
Groups [84]
Image Labeler [86]
Image Search [87]
Language Tools [88]
Life Search [89] (Google China)
Movies [90]
Music Trends [91]
News [92]
News Archive Search [93]
Patent Search [94]
Product Search [95] (Previously Froogle)
Rebang [96] (Google China)
Scholar [97]
SearchMash [98]
Sets [99]
SMS [100]
Suggest [101]
University Search [102]
U.S. Government Search [103]
Video [104]
Voice Local Search [105]
Web History [106] (Previously Google Search History / Personalized Search)
Web Search [107] Search
Traffic statistics generator for defined websites, with strong AdWords integration. Webmasters can optimize their ad campaigns, based on the statistics that are given. Analytics is based on the Urchin software and the new version released in May 2007 integrates improvements based on Measure Map.
Data trend viewing platform to make nations' statistics accessible on the internet in an animated, interactive graph form.
Graph plotting application for Web Search statistics, showing the popularity of particular search terms over time. Multiple terms can be shown at once. Results can also be displayed by city, region or language. Related news stories are also shown.
Collection of lists of the most frequent search queries. There are weekly, monthly and yearly lists, as well as topic and country specific lists.

Analytics [108]
Gapminder [109]
Trends [110]
Zeitgeist [111] Statistics
Hardware device that can be hooked to corporate intranets for indexing/searching of company files.
Reduced capacity and less expensive version of the Google Search Appliance

Google Search Appliance [112]
Google Mini [113] Previous products

List of Google acquisitions

Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. This article has been tagged since August 2007.
Robert Edward Crane (July 13, 1928 – June 29, 1978) was an American disc jockey and Emmy award-nominated actor, best known for his performance as Colonel Robert E. Hogan in the television sitcom Hogan's Heroes from 1965 to 1971.
Crane was born in Waterbury, Connecticut. He dropped out of high school [1]in 1946 and became a drummer, performing with dance bands and a symphony orchestra. In 1949, he married high school sweetheart Anne Terzian; they eventually had three children, Deborah Ann, Karen Leslie, and Robert David (known as "Bob, Jr."). He later divorced and remarried, producing another son. His death by murder remains controversial.

Hogan's Heroes
Following the cancellation of Hogan's Heroes in 1971, Crane continued to act, appearing in two Disney films and a number of TV shows, including Police Woman, Quincy, M.E., and The Love Boat. A second series of his own, 1975's The Bob Crane Show, was cancelled by NBC after three months.
During the run of Hogan's Heroes, Crane met John Henry Carpenter, an electronics expert who sold VCRs. Carpenter is alleged to have turned Crane into a life of sex and early pornographic movies made by the two. Although Crane's family contests this version of the story, it is a fact that Crane made home videotapes of numerous sexual orgies, using video technology supplied by Carpenter, with Carpenter also usually participating in the orgies. Crane is known to have made pornographic films as early as 1956.
On one late night in 1978, Crane allegedly called Carpenter to tell him that their friendship was over. The following day, Crane was discovered violently bludgeoned to death with a weapon that was never found but believed to be a camera tripod at the Winfield Place Apartments in Scottsdale, Arizona, where he had been appearing in a dinner theatre production of a play entitled Beginner's Luck at the Windmill Dinner Theatre.
According to an episode of A&E's Cold Case Files on the subject, police officers who arrived at the scene of the crime noted that Carpenter called the residence several times and didn't seem surprised that the police were there. This immediately raised suspicion against Carpenter, and the car he had rented the previous day was impounded by the police. In the car several blood smears were found that matched Crane's blood type. At that time DNA testing didn't exist to confirm if it was Crane's blood or not. Due to the lack of evidence the district attorney declined to file charges and the case went cold.
Fourteen years after the murder in 1992 the case was reopened. An attempt to test the blood found in the car Carpenter rented failed to produce a result due to improper preservation of the evidence. The detective in charge instead hoped a picture of what appeared to be a piece of unidentified material taken off the rental car (the physical bit of unidentified material had been lost) would incriminate Carpenter. He was arrested and indicted. During Carpenter's trial in 1994, the prosecution showed videotape of Crane and Carpenter engaging in sex with the same woman to demonstrate their close relationship. Carpenter was acquitted. Both the murder and the motive remain officially unsolved. Carpenter maintained his innocence until his death on September 4 1998.

Decline and fall
Crane's life and murder were the subject of the 2002 film Auto Focus, directed by Paul Schrader. The film portrays Crane as a happily married, churchgoing family man and popular L.A. disc jockey who suddenly becomes a Hollywood celebrity, and just as rapidly becomes a sex addict, hanging out at strip clubs and participating in orgies. He documents his exploits on video tape, and is compelled by his addiction into ever more salacious excesses, which eventually crowd everything else out of his life: marriage, family, non-sexual friends, career.
Crane's second wife and their son Scotty objected to the way Crane was portrayed in the film, and took to the media to present their side of the story. Shortly before the film's release, Scotty also started the website www.bobcrane.com to provide documents and testimony that would contest the movie's version of his father's story. The website notably featured clips from a pornographic home video Bob Crane had made in 1956, before his meeting with Carpenter. (Scotty later removed the pornographic clips from the site.)
In an interview posted to the site, Scotty stated, "My father had been having extramarital affairs and photographing hundreds of nude women engaged in sexual activity since the 1940s. He did not suddenly become a 'sex addict' when he met my mother. We have amateur home erotic movies of his that date back to 1956, and I can assure you that the women in those movies were not his wife at the time. [...]
"My father did attend church -- when people died. He wasn't religious and he didn't raise me to be religious. The whole mythology about him being this church-going saint that was brought down and corrupted by the evils of Hollywood -- is really just a dramatic way to dress up a story. But it's totally untrue. He was an overly sexual person from an early age. In the twelve years that my mom knew him, he went to church three times: my baptism, his father's funeral and his own funeral. He never had a family priest for a 'buddy' as Auto Focus depicts".
His last televised appearance was in the Canadian cooking show Celebrity Cooks.

Filmography

Hogan's Heroes

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder (more specifically, it is an anxiety disorder) most commonly characterized by a subject's obsessive, distressing, intrusive thoughts and related compulsions (tasks or "rituals") which attempt to neutralize the obsessions. Thus it is an anxiety disorder. It is listed by the World Health Organization as one of the top 10 most disabling illnesses in terms of lost income and diminished quality of life. OCD often causes feelings similar to those of depression.

Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress.
The thoughts, impulses, or images are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems.
The person attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, impulses, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action.
The person recognizes that the obsessional thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of his or her own mind, and are not based in reality.
The tendency to haggle over small details that the viewer is unable to fix or change in any way. This begins a mental pre-occupation with that which is inevitable.
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts either are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive. Causes and related disorders

Psychological explanations
In the early 1910s, Sigmund Freud attributed obsessive-compulsive behavior to unconscious conflicts which manifested as symptoms.

Freud
There are many different theories about the cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some research has discovered a type of size abnormality in different brain structures. The majority of researchers believe that there is some type of abnormality in the neurotransmitter serotonin, among other possible psychological or biological abnormalities; however, it is possible that this activity is the brain's response to OCD, and not its cause. Serotonin is thought to have a role in regulating anxiety, though it is also thought to be involved in such processes as sleep and memory function. This neurotransmitter travels from one nerve cell to the next via synapses. In order to send chemical messages, serotonin must bind to the receptor sites located on the neighboring nerve cell. It is hypothesized that OCD sufferers may have blocked or damaged receptor sites that prevent serotonin from functioning to its full potential. This suggestion is supported by the fact that many OCD patients benefit from the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) — a class of antidepressant medications that allow for more serotonin to be readily available to other nerve cells.

Biological explanations
OCD is manifested in a variety of forms.
Community studies have placed the prevalence between one and three percent, although the prevalence of clinically recognized OCD is much lower, suggesting that many individuals with the disorder are unaccounted for clinically.
A need for both sides of the body to feel even. A person with OCD might walk down a sidewalk and step on a crack with the ball of their left foot, then feel the need to step on another crack with the ball of their right foot. If one hand gets wet, the sufferer may feel very uncomfortable if the other is not. If the sufferer is walking and bumps into something, he/she may hit the object or person back to feel a sense of evenness. These symptoms are also experienced in a reversed manner. Some sufferers would rather things to be uneven, favoring the preferred side of the body.
An obsession with numbers (be it in math class, watching TV, or in the room). Some people are obsessed with even numbers while loathing odd numbers (they cause them a great deal of anxiety and often make the person uncomfortable or even angry) or vice versa.
Twisting the head on a toy around, then twisting it all the way back exactly in the opposite direction.(see even body section) Symptoms and prevalence
People with OCD may be diagnosed with other conditions, such as anorexia nervosa, social anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, Tourette syndrome, compulsive skin picking, body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania. There is some research demonstrating a link between drug addiction and obsessive compulsive disorder as well. There is a higher risk of drug addiction among those with any anxiety disorder (possibly as a way of coping with the heightened levels of anxiety), but drug addiction among obsessive compulsive patients may serve as a type of compulsive behavior and not just as a coping mechanism. Depression is also extremely prevalent among sufferers of OCD. One explanation for the high depression rate among OCD populations was posited by Mineka, Watson, and Clark (1998), who explained that people with OCD (or any other anxiety disorder) may feel depressed because of an "out of control" type of feeling.

Related disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder tends to be slightly more common in females than in males. The lifetime prevalence of the disorder in women is 2.9 percent, versus 2.0 percent in men.
Violence is very rare among OCD sufferers, but the disorder is often debilitating to their quality of life. Also, the psychological self-awareness of the irrationality of the disorder can be painful. For people with severe OCD, it may take several hours a day to carry out the compulsive acts. To avoid perceived obsession triggers, they also often avoid certain situations or places altogether.
It has been alleged that sufferers are generally of above-average intelligence, as the very nature of the disorder necessitates complicated thinking patterns, but this has never been supported by clinical data.

Treatment
OCD primarily involves the brain regions of the striatum, the orbitofrontal cortex and the cingulate cortex. OCD involves several different receptors, mostly H2, M4, nk1, NMDA, and non-NMDA glutamate receptors. The receptors 5-HT1D, 5-HT2C, and the μ opioid receptor exert a secondary effect. The H2, M4, nk1, and non-NMDA glutamate receptors are active in the striatum, whereas the NMDA receptors are active in the cingulate cortex.
The activity of certain receptors is positively correlated to the severity of OCD, whereas the activity of certain other receptors is negatively correlated to the severity of OCD. Those correlations are as follows:
Activity positively correlated to severity:
Activity negatively correlated to severity:
The central dysfunction of OCD may involve the receptors nk1, non-NMDA glutamate receptors, and NMDA, whereas the other receptors could simply exert secondary modulatory effects.
Pharmaceuticals that act directly on those core mechanisms are aprepitant (nk1 antagonist), riluzole (glutamate release inhibitor), and tautomycin (NMDA receptor sensitizer). Also, the anti-Alzheimer's drug memantine is being studied by the OC Foundation in its efficacy in reducing OCD symptoms due to it being a NMDA antagonist. One case study published in The American Journal of Psychiatry suggests that "memantine may be an option for treatment-resistant OCD, but controlled studies are needed to substantiate this observation." The drugs that are popularly used to fight OCD lack full efficacy because they do not act upon what are believed to be the core mechanisms.

H2
M4
nk1
non-NMDA glutamate receptors
NMDA
μ opioid
5-HT1D
5-HT2C See also