Charlotte "Lottie" Dod (September 24, 1871 – June 27, 1960) was an English athlete best known as a tennis player. She won the Wimbledon Ladies' Singles Championship five times, the first one when she was only fifteen, in the summer of 1887. She remains the youngest ladies' singles champion, though Martina Hingis was three days younger when she won the women's doubles title in 1996.
In addition to tennis, Dod competed in many other sports, including golf, field hockey, and archery. She also won the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship, played twice for the England women's national field hockey team (which she helped to found), and won a silver medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics in archery. The Guinness Book of Records has named her as the most versatile female athlete of all time, together with track and field athlete and fellow golf player Babe Zaharias.

Early life
Together with Annie, who was eight years older, Dod entered her first tennis tournament, the 1883 Northern Championships in Manchester, at age eleven. They lost in the first round of the doubles tournament to Hannah Keith and Amber McCord, but won the consolation tournament. One journalist, Sydney Brown, noted that "Miss L. Dod should be heard of in the future". She turned out to be correct.
At the same tournament in 1885, she came to prominence when she nearly beat reigning Wimbledon champion Maud Watson in the final, losing 8 – 6, 7 – 5. Dod would win the doubles event (with Annie) and had earlier won the singles, doubles and mixed doubles at the Waterloo tournament. These performances earned her the nickname "Little Wonder" in the press.
Slowly, Dod became an established top player, illustrated by the fact she partnered then seven-time Wimbledon doubles winner Ernest Renshaw for the first time in 1887. That same year, she also debuted at Wimbledon. Only six competitors, not including top player Watson, entered. Dod easily advanced through the first rounds to earn the right to challenge the defending champion on Dod. She still managed to win against her opponent, now known by her married name, Blanche Hillyard. The Wimbledon final of 1888 was rematch of the previous year, and Dod again emerged victorious (6–3, 6–3).
Lottie Dod's style of play, then regarded as unorthodox, now seems notably modern. She was perhaps the first player to advocate hitting the ball just before the top of the bounce and to adopt a modern, albeit single-handed, racquet grip. Her ground strokes were reported by contemporaries to be unusually firmly hit by the standards of the time, but - like many female players of the day - she served underhand and only rarely employed spin.
Dod only entered one open tournament in 1889 (the Northern Championships, which she won), and failed to attend Wimbledon, much to the disappointment of her fans. Together with Annie and some friends, she was on a sailing trip off the Scottish coast, and didn't want to return in time for Wimbledon. This was followed by a complete absence from the game in 1890.
After failing to do so in 1889, Dod was determined to win Wimbledon three times in a row, starting in 1891. Although it was her only competitive appearance of that season, she won her third Wimbledon title with ease, again by defeating Hillyard (6–2, 6–1).
1892 saw Dod's first singles defeat in an open tournament since 1886, losing to Louise Martin of Ireland in the Irish Championships. It was the last of only five losses in her entire tennis career. She continued the year strongly, culminating in another easy Wimbledon victory over Hillyard.
Dod's last tennis season as a competitive player was 1893, and she played in just two tournaments, winning both. On both occasions, she defeated Blanche Hillyard in three sets, despite a heavy fall in the Wimbledon final. Her record of five Wimbledon titles would not last for long, as Hillyard, after losing in the final to Dod five times, won her sixth title in 1900. Suzanne Lenglen broke Dod's record of three consecutive singles wins by winning from 1919 to 1923.
Apart from entering women's tournaments, Dod sometimes also played and won matches against men (who usually played with a handicap), and on one occasion defeated star players Ernest Renshaw and George Hillyard (the husband of Blanche) when doubling with Herbert Baddeley.

Tennis

Wins (5)
Although tennis would remain Dod's favourite sport, she shifted her attention to other activities in the following years. In 1895, she joined her brother Tony on a trip to the winter sports resort of Sankt Moritz, which was very popular with English travellers. There, she passed the St. Moritz Ladies's Skating Test (figure skating), the most prestigious skating for women at the time. Dod also rode the toboggan on the famous Sankt Moritz Cresta Run, and began mountaineering with her brother, climbing two mountains over 4,000 m in February 1896.
After a long cycling trip in Italy, Lottie and Tony returned to England, only to come back to St Moritz in November, now accompanied by their mother and brother Willy. This time, Dod took the St. Moritz Men's Skating Test and passed, as the second woman ever. She also competed in curling. In the summer of 1897, she and Tony again ascended several mountains, this time in Norway.

Winter sports
The sport of women's hockey was still rather young when Dod took up the game in 1897. She was one of the founding members of a women's hockey club in Spital. Playing as a central forward, she was soon named captain of the team. Club matches in which Dod played were won, while losses happened only in her absence.
By 1899, Dod had made it to captain of the Cheshire county team, and represented her club at meetings of the women's hockey association for the northern counties. She first played in the English national team on 21 March that year, winning 3–1 over Ireland.
Both English goals in the 1900 England and Ireland rematch were scored by Dod, securing a 2–1 victory. Dod failed to attend the match against Wales, suffering from sciatica attacks which kept her from sporting for months.
Although she had recovered by 1901, Dod would not play again in national or county matches. All members of the Dod family stopped attending sports events for a while after their mother died on 1 August 1901, and Dod apparently lost her interest in field hockey during that period, although she did occasionally play for Spital Club until 1905.

Field hockey
Few golf clubs allowed women to play around the time Lottie Dod first played golf at age fifteen. Unlike tennis, Dod found golf a difficult sport to master. By the time she got seriously interested in the sport, the Ladies Golf Union (LGU) had been founded, and women's golf had become a real sport.
Dod helped establish a ladies' golf club at Moreton in 1894 and entered that year's National Championships (match play) at Littlestone (Kent). She was eliminated in the third round, but Dod's interest in the sport grew, and she became a regular competitor in the National Championships and other tournaments for the next few years. In 1898 and 1900 she reached the semi-finals of the National Championships, but was defeated narrowly both times. In 1900, she also played in an unofficial country match against Ireland, which the English won 37–18.
Dod did not compete in golf in 1901, and hardly entered major tournaments in the next two years, but she did play in the 1904 National Championships, held at Troon. She qualified for the semi-finals for the third time in her life, and won it for the first time. Her opponent in the final was May Hezlet, the champion of 1899 and 1902. The match was very close, and the two were tied after 17 holes. Hezlet missed her putt on the final hole narrowly, after which Dod grabbed an unexpected victory, becoming the first, and to date only, woman to win British tennis and golf championships.
Following her victory, Dod sailed to Philadelphia, where she had been invited by Frances Griscom, a former American golf champion, to attend the American Ladies Championship as a spectator. Upon arrival, Dod found out the tournament regulations had been changed to allow for non-Americans to compete, and she was requested to compete. Her loss in the first round was a disappointment, but Dod persuaded several Americans to come and play in the British championships the following year.
In the week before these 1905 championships, three international matches were planned, starting off with the first British-American international match. Dod was the only British player to lose a match, as the United Kingdom won 6–1. Dod then played for the English team in a 3–4 defeat against Scotland and a 4–3 win over Ireland, although she lost both her matches. Dod was then eliminated in the fourth round of the National Championships. It was to be her last appearance in golf.

Golf
In the autumn of 1905, Dod and her brothers sold "Edgeworth" and moved to a new home near Newbury, Berkshire. They had been practising archery from the times before, but all three became more serious now and joined the Welford Park Archers in Newbury. As one of their ancestors was said to have commanded the English longbowmen at the Battle of Agincourt, they found this an appropriate sport.
Lottie Dod won her first tournament by 1906, and finished fifth in the Grand National Archery Meeting of 1906, 1907 and 1908. Dod's performances in the 1908 season earned her a spot on the British Olympic team. The field in the women's archery event consisted only of British women, but without the best archer of the era, Alice Legh. Dod led the competition, held in rainy conditions, after the first day but was surpassed by Queenie Newall on the second day, eventually taking second place with 642 points to Newall's 688. Her brother Willy fared better and surprisingly secured the gold medal in the men's competition.
In 1910, Dod came close to winning the Grand National, which would have made archery the third sport in which she became a national champion. Both Lottie and her brother William led after day one, but moved down to second on the final competition day. After the Welford Archers were disbanded in late 1911, the Dods's interest in archery faded, meaning the end of Lottie Dod's long competitive sports career.

Later life

At the time, many tournaments were played in a format in which the final saw the defending champion facing a challenger, the player who had won all matches in preliminary play.
Handicap tournaments were common at the time. In an attempt to even out the games, stronger players were given a penalty of one or more points. Handicap events were common in virtually all sports in the late 19th and early 20th century, but are nowadays only commonly found in golf above club level. They remain popular in tennis at club level.

An online newspaper, also known as a web newspaper, is a newspaper that exists on the Internet. Modern printed newspapers all over the world are developing and running web newspapers. Going online created more opportunities for newspapers for instance, it allows newspapers to effectively compete with broadcast journalism in presenting breaking news online in a more timely manner than printing allows. The credibility and strong brand recognition of well-established newspapers, and the close relationships they have with advertisers (particularly in the case of local newspapers), are also seen by many in the newspaper industry as strengthening their chances of survival.
Responses to this sea-change in the competitive environment have varied. Some newspapers have attempted to integrate the internet into every aspect of their operations, i.e., reporters writing stories for both print and online, and classified advertisements appearing in both media; others operate websites that are more distinct from the printed newspaper. Many in both camps believe that newspapers will increasingly leave breaking news to online and broadcast media, with print publications focused on comment and analysis.
The moderator of television's longest-running program began his career in news delivering armfuls of newspapers in Buffalo, N.Y. Decades have passed, but Tim Russert of NBC's Meet the Press said during a press conference at Mount Union College that he can't imagine doing his job without print news. "I am very reliant on newspapers. I read them all, six or seven a day," said the former paperboy. Although he could scour the internet for news, Russert said, "I still like to hold a newspaper; it's part of my upbringing." Russert, 55, who is also a political analyst for NBC Nightly News and The Today Show, said this in response to Akron Beacon Journal reporter Sandra M. Klepach's questions while delivering Tuesday's Schooler Lecture at Mount Union College's Timken Building.

Examples of hard copies online
Many small newspapers supplement or compete with the larger newspapers in their cities through websites and in other electronic formats as well as having hard copy newspapers.

Examples of soft copy newspapers
With the introduction of the internet, web based newspapers have also started to be produced as online only publications. To be a "Web-Only Newspaper" they must not be part of or have any connection to hard copy formats. To be classed an "Online-Only Newspaper" the paper must also be regularly updated at a regular time and keep to a fixed news format, like a hardcopy newspaper. They must only be published by professional media companies, and fall under national and international press rules and regulations and other news websites it is run as a newspaper and is recognized by media groups in the UK, like the NUJ and/or the IFJ. Also they fall under the UK's PCC rules.
In the US, online-only news sources, such as the Los Gatos Observer and Redding News Review, are not required to update at a regular time or keep to a fixed news format. The difference between a blog and an online newspaper is that the latter is run as a newspaper.
One publication, theissue.com, may be seen as a hybrid. TheIssue.com is not a formal newspaper, but also not a blog. The daily publication culls news analysis from across the blogosphere to provide readers with a diversity of opinions and analysis on current events.

Online-only newspapers
A news sheet is a paper that is on one or two pages only. Soft-copy sheets are like online newspapers, in that the have to be predominantly news, not advert or gossip based. These sheets can be updated periodically or regularly, unlike a newspaper. Thay must also like a newspaper be regarded as a news oulet by media groups and governments.

See also

approx. 300 to 340 million
An Arab (Arabic: عربي) is a member of a complexly defined ethnic group who identifies as such on the basis of one or all of either geneaological, political, or linguistic grounds.
The Arabic language and culture began to spread in the Middle East in the 2nd century with genealogically Arab Christians such as the Ghassanids, Lakhmids, and Banu Judham, and even earlier Arab Jewish tribes. Widespread proliferation of Arab language, culture and identity in the Middle East and North Africa, however, did not begin until after the advent of Islam in the 7th century and the ensuing Arab Muslim expansion. The early conquests of successive Islamic Arab empires resulted in the Arabization and cultural assimilation of the region's other indigenous Semitic and non-Semitic peoples of non-Arabian origin, often but not always together with their Islamization. With time, the label Arab expanded beyond a pure geneaological definition to come to be associated with Arabized populations of countries in North Africa and the Middle East. This latter expanded definition is contested by many it would encompass, regardless of religious heritage, including Muslims. Islamized, but non-Arabized peoples form part of the Muslim World, and not the traditionally secular Arab World.

Defining who is an Arab
Arabs of Central Asia are fully assimilated with local, and call themselves the same as local (e.g. Kazakhs, Uzbeks).

Arabs of Central Asia

Origins & History
The Arab ancient origin lies in the vast Desert region between modern Syria and Yemen.[3] Based on the (Abrahamic tradition) Torah, Bible, and Qur'an, Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula are descendants of Ismail, son of Abraham. Keeping the surname is an important part of Arabic culture as some lineages can be traced far back to ancient times. Some Arabs claim they can trace their lineage back to Noah and Adam. In addition to Adam, Noah, and Shem, some of the first known Arabs are those who came from Petra, the Nabataean capital.

Pre-Sabaean Semitic Arabia
Early Semites built civilizations in Mesopotamia and Syria, but slowly lost their political domination of the Near East due to internal turmoil and constant attacks by new nomadic Semitic and non-Semitic groups. The Arameans, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Amorites, Sabaeans amd Minaeans spoke closely related Semitic languages. These groups often overlapped and mixed racial lines, as did Indo-European groups.
The Hebrew Bible occasionally refers to `Arvi peoples (or variants thereof), translated as "Arab" or "Arabian". The scope of the term at that early stage is unclear, but it seems to have referred to various desert-dwelling Semitic tribes in the Syrian Desert and Arabia. Its earliest attested use referring to the southern "Qahtanite" Arabs is much later.
Proto-Arabic, or ancient north Arabian, texts give a clearer picture of the Arabs' emergence. The earliest are written in variants of epigraphic south Arabian musnad script, including the 8th century BC Hasaean inscriptions of eastern Saudi Arabia, the 6th century BC Lihyanite texts of southeastern Saudi Arabia and the Thamudic texts found throughout Arabia and the Sinai (not in reality connected with Thamud).

Pre-Arabic Near East
The Nabateans moved into territory vacated by the Edomites -- Semites who settled the region centuries before them. The Nabateans were nomadic newcomers who wrote in a vernacular Aramiac that evolved into modern Arabic and modern Arabic script around the 4th century. This process included Safaitic inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BC) and the many Arabic personal names in Nabataean inscriptions in Aramaic. From about the 2nd century BC, a few inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw (near Sulayyil) reveal a dialect which is no longer considered "proto-Arabic", but pre-classical Arabic.

Nabateans, 330BC
The Ghassanids were the last major migration of non-Islamic Semites out of Yemen to the north. They revived the Semitic presence in the then Hellenized Syria. They mainly settled the Hauran region and spread to modern Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan.
Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the Near East as Arabi. The Greeks called Yemen "Arabia Felix".[6], The Romans called the vassal nomadic states within the Roman Empire "Arabia Petraea" after the city of Petra, and called unconquered deserts bordering the empire to the south and east Arabia Magna[7]
By the fourth century AD, the Arab kingdoms of the Lakhmids in southern Iraq and Ghassanids in southern Syria had emerged just south of the Fertile Crescent and ended up allying respectively with the Sassanid and Byzantine Empires. The Kindite Kingdom emerged in Central Arabia and allied with the Himyarite Empire of South Arabia. Thus they were constantly at war with each other on behalf of their imperial patrons. Their courts were responsible for some notable examples of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, and for some of the few surviving pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions in the Arabic alphabet. The Sassanids dissolved the Lakhmid kingdom in 602, while the Ghassanids held out until engulfed by the expansion of Islam (Pre-Islamic Arabia).

Ghassanids, 250AD
Further information: Muslim conquests
Muslims of Medina referred to the nomadic tribes of the deserts as the A'raab, and considered themselves sedentary, but were aware of their close racial bonds. The term "A'raab' mirrors the term Assyrians used to describe the closely related nomads they defeated in Syria.
The Qur'an does not use the word ʿarab, only the nisba adjective ʿarabiyyun. The Qur'an calls itself ʿarabiyyun, "Arabic", and mubinun, "clear". The two qualities are connected for example in ayat 43.2-3, "By the clear Book: We have made it an Arabic recitation in order that you may understand". The Qur'an became regarded as the prime example of the al-ʿarabiyya, the language of the Arabs. The term ʾiʿrāb has the same root and refers to a particularly clear and correct mode of speech. The plural noun ʾaʿrāb refers to the Bedouin tribes of the desert who resisted Muhammad, for example in ayat 9.97, ʾaʿrābu ʾašaddu kufrān wa nifāqān "the Bedouin are the worst in disbelief and hypocrisy".
Based on this, in early Islamic terminology, ʿarab referred to the language, and ʾaʿrāb to the Arab Bedouins, carrying a negative connotation due to the Qur'anic verdict just cited. But after the Islamic conquest of the 8th century, the language of the nomadic Arabs became regarded as the most pure by the grammarians following Abi Ishaq, and the term kalam al-ʿArab, "language of the Arabs", denoted the uncontaminated language of the Bedouins.

Early Islamic Arabization
The arrival of Islam united the Arab tribes, who flooded into the strongly Semitic Greater Syria and Iraq. Within years, the major garrison towns developed into the major cities of Syria and Iraq. The local population, which shared a close linguistic and genetic ancestry with Qahtani and Adnani Muslims were quickly Arabized.

Syria/Iraq, 7th century
The Phoenicians and later the Carthaginians dominated North African shores for more than 8 centuries until they were suppressed by the Romans and the later Vandal invasion. Inland, the nomadic Berbers allied with Arab Muslims in invading Spain. The Arab tribes mainly settled the old Phoenician and Carthagenian towns, while the Berbers remained dominant inland. Inland north Africa remained partly Arabized until the 11th century.

North Africa, 7th century
Further information: Islamic Golden Age
Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddima distinguishes between sedentary Muslims who used be nomadic Arabs and the Bedouin nomadic Arabs of the desert. He used the term "formerly-nomadic" Arabs and refers to sedentary Muslims by the region or city they lived in, as in Egyptians, Spaniards and Yemenis.[8] The Christians of Italy and the Crusaders preferred the term Saraceans for all the Arabs and Muslims of that time.[9] The Christians of Iberia used the term Moor to describe all the Arabs and Muslims of that time.[10]

Medieval times
The Banu Hilal was a Yemeni tribal confederation, organized by the Fatimids. They struck in Libya, reducing the Zenata Berbers (a clan that claimed Yemeni ancestry from pre-Islamic periods) and small coastal towns, and Arabizing the Sanhaja berber confederation. The Banu Hilal eventually Settled modern (Morocco and Algeria) and subdued Arabized the Sanhaja by the time of Ibn Khaldun.

Banu Hilal in North Africa, 1046AD
The Banu Sulyam is another Bedouin tribal confederation from Nejd which followed through the trials of Banu Hilal and helped them defeat the Zirids in the battle of Gabis in 1052AD, and finally took Kairuan in 1057Ad. The Banu Sulaym mainly settled and completely Arabized Libya.

Banu Sulaym in North Africa, 1049AD
A branch of the Rabia' tribe settled in north Sudan and slowly Arabized the Makurian kingdom in modern Sudan until 1315 AD when the Banu Kanz inherited the kingdom of Makuria and paved the way for the Arabization of the Sudan, that was completed by the arrival of the Jaali and Juhayna Arab tribes.

Banu Kanz Nubia/Sudan, 11th-14th century
After the defeat of the Crusades, the Ayubids repopulated the reconquered towns with Arabs mainly from their southern provinces of modern Yemen and Asir in modern Saudi Arabia.

Repopulating crusade struck towns, 12th century
The Banu Maqil is a Yemeni nomadic tribe that settled in Tunisia in the 13th century. The Banu Hassan a Maqil branch moved into the Sanhaja region in whats today the Western Sahara and Mauritania, they fought a thirty years war on the side of the Lamtuna Arabized Berbers who claimed Himyarite ancestry (from the early Islamic invasions) defeating the Sanhaja berbers and Arabizing Mauritania.

Banu Hassan Mauritania 1644-1674AD
Medieval Arab genealogists divided Arabs into three groups:
The Arabic language spoken today in classical Quranic form evolved as a mix between the original Arabic of Qahtan and northern Arabic which shares a great deal with northern Semitic languages from the Levant. Arabs take great pride in their language and its survival as a usable and comprehensible language over thousands of years.
Jewish and Christian tradition described the Ishmaelites as an "Arabian people" at least by the time of Joseph, which became standard centuries before Islam. The term Hagarenes was commonly used; it is a pun on the Arabic muhajir and the name Hagar. Efforts to reconcile the Biblical and Arab genealogies later led to conflicting attempts to trace Adnan to Ishmael (Ismail), the eldest son of Abraham and Hagar. Joktan was identified with Qahtan, probably due to his biblical identification as the ancestor of Hazarmaveth (Hadramawt) and Sheba, although these links are based on biblical guesses.

"ancient Arabs", tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as 'Ad and Thamud, often mentioned in the Qur'an as examples of God's power to destroy wicked peoples.
"Pure Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan. The Qahtanites (Qahtanis) are said to have migrated the land of Yemen following the destruction of the Ma'rib Dam (sadd Ma'rib).
The "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of center and North Arabia, descending from Ishmael son of Abraham. Tribal genealogy
Arab Muslims are Sunni, Shi'a, Ibadhite, Alawite, or Ismaili. The Druze faith is usually considered separate. The self-identified Arab Christians follow generally Eastern Churches such as Greek Orthodox or Greek Catholic. Other Arabic-speaking Christians, such as Copts and Maronites, do not generally consider themselves Arabs.
Before the coming of Islam, most Arabs followed a religion with a number of deities, including Hubal, Wadd, Allāt, Manat, and Uzza. Some tribes had converted to Christianity or Judaism. A few individuals, the hanifs, had apparently rejected polytheism in favor of a vague monotheism. The most prominent Arab Christian kingdoms were the Ghassanid and Lakhmid kingdoms. When Himyarite kings converted to Judaism in the late 4th century, the elites of the other prominent Arab kingdom, the Kindites, being Himyirite vassals, apparently also converted (at least partly). With the expansion of Islam, most Arabs rapidly became Muslim, and polytheistic traditions disappeared.
Today, Sunni Islam dominates in most areas, overwhelmingly so in North Africa. Shia Islam is prevalent in Bahrain, southern Iraq and adjacent parts of Saudi Arabia, southern Lebanon, parts of Syria, al-Batinah region in Oman, northern Yemen, and in Iran. (Most Iranians are not Arabs.) The tiny Druze community follow a secretive faith similar to Islam, and are also Arab.
Estimates of the number of Arab Christians vary, and depend on the definition of "Arab", as with the number of all Arabs, especially Muslim Arabs. Christians make up 9.2% of the population of the Near East. Prior to the emergence of the term Mizrahi, the term "Arab Jews" (Yehudim 'Áravim, יהודים ערבים) was sometimes used to describe Jews of the Arab world. The term is rarely used today. The few remaining Jews in the Arab countries reside mostly in Morocco and Tunisia. From the late 1940s to the early 1960s, following the creation of the state of Israel, most of these Jews left or were expelled from their countries of birth and are now mostly concentrated in Israel. Some immigrated to France, where they form the largest Jewish community, outnumbering European Jews, but relatively few to the United States. See Jewish exodus from Arab lands.

Religions

Main article: Arab nationalism See also

Harthi.org
Touma, Habib Hassan. The Music of the Arabs. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus P, 1996. ISBN 0-931340-88-8.
Lipinski, Edward. Semitic Languages: Outlines of a Comparative Grammar, 2nd ed., Orientalia Lovanensia Analecta: Leuven 2001
Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language, Edinburgh University Press (1997) [11]
The Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Company, 1907, Online Edition, K. Night 2003: article Arabia
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html#People
History of Arabic language, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. [12]. Retrieved Feb.17, 2006
The Arabic language, National Institute for Technology and Liberal Education web page (2006) [13]. Retrieved Jun. 14, 2006.
Ankerl, Guy. Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INUPRESS, 2000. ISBN 2881550045.
Hooker, Richard. "Pre-Islamic Arabic Culture." WSU Web Site. 6 June 1999. Washington State University. 5 July 2006 <http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ISLAM/PRE.HTM>.
Owen, Roger. "State Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East 3rd Ed" Page 57 ISBN 0-415-29714-1
Halliday, Fred. "Two Hours that Shook the World" P47 ISBN 0-86356-382-1
Journal of Semitic Studies Volume 52, Number 1
Abdulaziz Almsaodi, Himyari Studies
Amitav Ghosh, In an Antique Land.
Kamal Salibi, The Bible Came from Arabia
Aymn Almsaodi, The Historic Atlas of Iberia

Thomas Barfoed Thrige (May 5, 1866 – May 9, 1938) was a Danish entrepreneur, industrialist and businessman. In 1894, he started the company Thomas B. Thrige, a manufacturer of electric motors, now known as T-T Electric (formerly Thrige Electric and Thrige-Titan).
He and his wife formed the Thomas B. Thrige Foundation in 1934 to ensure the continuation of his business. The foundation grants donations to the Danish business community, primarily the trades and industries.

Conservation biology, or conservation ecology, is the science of analyzing and protecting Earth's biological diversity. Conservation biology draws from the biological, physical and social sciences, economics, and the practice of natural-resource management. Conservation ecology addresses population dynamics issues associated with the small population sizes of rare species (e.g., minimum viable populations). The term "conservation biology" refers to the application of science to the conservation of genes, populations, species, and ecosystems. Conservation biology is the scientific study of the phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss, and restoration of biological diversity. For the history of biodiversity conservation and volunteer activity, see conservation movement.
In the 19th century actions in the United Kingdom, the United States and certain other western countries emphasized the protection of habitat areas pursuant to visions of such people as John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt. It was not until the mid 20th century did efforts arise to target individual species for conservation, notably efforts in big cat conservation in South America led by the New York Zoological Society. along with Biodiversity Action Plans developed in Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, hundreds of specific species protection plans ensued. The Society for Conservation Biology is a global community of conservation professionals dedicated to advancing the science and practice of conserving Earth's biological diversity.

Threats to biological diversity
See also: Benefits of biodiversity
Biologist Bruce Walsh of the University of Arizona states three reasons for scientific interest in the preservation of species; genetic or medical resources,

History

Biodiversity
Endangered species
Environmentalism
Ex-situ conservation
Extinction
Gene pool
Genetic Pollution
Genetic Erosion
Habitat fragmentation
Holocene Mass Extinction
In-situ conservation
IUCN Red List
List of conservation topics
Natural history
Regional Red List
Society for Conservation Biology
Wildlife conservation
Wildlife management
Wildlife
World Conservation Monitoring Centre See also

By 2050 Warming to Doom Million Species, Study Says Notes

Textbooks

Conservation Biology, peer-reviewed journal.
Conservation, quarterly magazine published by the Society for Conservation Biology.

Alvah Curtis Roebuck (January 9, 1864 in Lafayette, Indiana – June 18, 1948), was a manager, businessman, and the founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company with his partner Richard Sears.
Alvah Roebuck began work as a watchmaker in a Hammond, Indiana jewelry store at age 22.
On April 1, 1887, Roebuck answered an advertisement for a watchmaker in the Chicago Daily News, and two days later he received a reply—Richard W. Sears wanted to hire him. Thus began the association of two men who would soon form one of the world's best-known business partnerships. The firm was incorporated as Sears, Roebuck and Company in 1893.
In 1895, Roebuck asked Sears to buy him out. However, at Richard Sears' request, he took charge of a division that handled watches, jewelry, optical goods, and, later, phonographs, magic lanterns and motion picture machines. His business interests did not end with Sears. He later organized and financed two companies: a manufacturer and a distributor of motion picture machines and accessories. Roebuck also served as president (1909-1924) of Emerson Typewriter Company, where he invented an improved typewriter, called the "Woodstock."
After several years in semi-retirement in Florida, the financial losses he suffered in the stock market crash of 1929 forced Roebuck to return to Chicago. By 1933, Roebuck had rejoined Sears, Roebuck and Co., where he largely devoted his time to compiling a history of the company he helped found.
Then, in September of 1934, a Sears store manager asked Mr. Roebuck to make a public appearance at his store. After an enthusiastic public turnout, Mr. Roebuck went on tour, appearing at retail stores across the country for the next several years.
Alvah Roebuck returned to his desk at company headquarters in Chicago, where he enthusiastically assumed the task of compiling a corporate history until his death on June 18, 1948.

Frank Delima (born July 8, 1949) a popular comedian from Hawaii, is considered by some media sources to be the most sought after comic in the state. With a Portuguese heritage, he is known for light-hearted "Portagee" (Hawaiian Pidgin English for "Portuguese") slurs in his routine. In Honolulu, he attended the Cathedral Elementary School, Damien Memorial High School, and Saint Stephen Minor Seminary, later graduating with Bishop Clarence Silva of Honolulu at St. Patrick Archdiocesan Seminary in Menlo Park, California. He was subsequently ordained a deacon in the Roman Catholic Church, serving at Holy Trinity Church, Kuliouou, Honolulu. He remains a devout Catholic.
Frank, in his long hours of community service, also administers the Frank Delima Student Enrichment Program. Through the Enrichment Program, Frank travels around Hawaii to various schools to perform motivational speeches.

This article is about the day. For the 1993 novel, see The Fifth of March
March 5 is the 64th day of the year (65th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 301 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

1133 - King Henry II of England (d. 1189)
1324 - King David II of Scotland (d. 1371)
1512 - Gerardus Mercator, Flemish cartographer (d. 1594)
1563 - John Coke, English politician (d. 1644)
1575 - William Oughtred, English mathematician (d. 1660)
1585 - John George I, Elector of Saxony (d. 1656)
1658 - Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, French explorer (d. 1730)
1693 - Johann Jakob Wettstein, Swiss theologian (d. 1754)
1696 - Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Italian painter (d. 1770)
1703 (N.S.) - Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky, Russian poet (d. 1768)
1739 - Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge, doctor, Continental Army officer, member of the Massachusetts legislature (d. 1819)
1748 - Jonas C. Dryander, Swedish botanist (d. 1810)
1748 - William Shield, English musician (d. 1829)
1750 - Jean-Baptiste Gaspard d'Ansse de Villoison, French classical scholar (d. 1805)
1794 - Jacques Babinet, French physicist (d. 1872)
1794 - Robert Cooper Grier, Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (d. 1870)
1814 - Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, German historian (d. 1889)
1815 - John Wentworth, American politician (d. 1888)
1817 - Austen Henry Layard, English archaeologist (d. 1894)
1836 - Charles Goodnight, American cattle rancher (d. 1929)
1853 - Howard Pyle, American author and illustrator (d. 1911)
1867 - Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, Premier of Quebec (d. 1952)
1869 - Michael von Faulhaber, German cardinal and archbishop (d. 1952)
1870 - Frank Norris, American writer (d. 1902)
1871 - Rosa Luxemburg, Socialist revolutionary (d. 1919)
1873 - Olav Bjaaland, Norwegian explorer and cross-country skier (d. 1961)
1874 - Henry Travers, British actor (d. 1965)
1879 - Sir William Beveridge, British economist (d. 1963)
1883 - Marius Barbeau, French Canadian ethnographer and folklorist (b. 1969)
1886 - Dong Biwu, High-ranking member of the Communist Party of China (d. 1975)
1887 - Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer (d. 1959)
1897 - Set Persson, Swedish communist politician (d. 1960)
1898 - Zhou Enlai, Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. 1976)
1898 - Soong May-ling, Chinese wife of Chiang Kai-Shek (d. 2003)
1904 - Karl Rahner, German theologian (d. 1984)
1908 - Irving Fiske, American writer, playwright, (d. 1990)
1908 - Sir Rex Harrison, English actor (d. 1990)
1910 - Józef Marcinkiewicz, Polish mathematician (d. 1940)
1914 - Philip Farkas, American horn player and teacher (d. 1992)
1915 - Laurent Schwartz, French mathematician (d. 2002)
1918 - Milt Schmidt, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and manager
1918 - Red Storey, Canadian football player and ice hockey referee (d. 2006)
1918 - James Tobin, American economist, Nobel laureate (d. 2002)
1920 - José Aboulker, Algerian anti-Nazi resistance fighter
1920 - Virginia Christine, American actress (d. 1996)
1921 - Elmer Valo, American baseball player (d. 1998)
1922 - James Noble, American actor
1922 - Pier Paolo Pasolini, Italian writer and film director (d. 1975)
1923 - Laurence Tisch, American investor
1927 - Jack Cassidy, American actor (d. 1976)
1929 - Erik Carlsson, Swedish rally driver
1930 - Del Crandall, American baseball player
1931 - Fred Othon Aristidès, French comics artist
1931 - Barry Tuckwell, Australian horn virtuoso
1934 - Daniel Kahneman, Israeli economist, Nobel laureate
1934 - James B. Sikking, American actor
1936 - Canaan Banana, first President of Zimbabwe (d. 2003)
1936 - Dean Stockwell, American actor
1937 - Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, President of Nigeria
1938 - Paul Evans, American singer and songwriter
1938 - Fred Williamson, American football player and actor
1939 - Samantha Eggar, English actress
1939 - Peter Woodcock, Canadian serial killer
1939 - Pierre Wynants, Belgian chef
1940 - Malcolm Hebden, English actor
1942 - Felipe González, Prime Minister of Spain
1942 - Mike Resnick, American science fiction author
1943 - Billy Backus, American boxer
1944 - Lucio Battisti, Italian singer (d. 1998)
1944 - Roy Gutman, American journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner
1947 - Eddie Hodges, American actor and singer
1947 - Clodagh Rodgers, Irish singer
1947 - Kent Tekulve, American baseball player
1948 - Eddy Grant, Guyana-born singer
1948 - Elaine Paige, English singer and actress
1948 - Paquirri, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1984)
1949 - Franz Josef Jung, Commander-in-chief of the German Bundeswehr
1952 - Alan Clark, English keyboardist (Dire Straits)
1954 - Marsha Warfield, American actress, comedienne
1955 - Penn Jillette, American magician and comedian
1956 - Teena Marie, American singer
1957 - Mark E. Smith, English singer (The Fall)
1958 - Andy Gibb, English-born Australian singer and teen idol (d. 1988)
1959 - Vazgen Sargsyan, Armenian politician (d. 1999)
1959 - David Fury, American television writer and producer
1960 - David Tibet, English musician (Current 93)
1962 - Jonathan Penner, American reality show contestant
1962 - Charlie and Craig Reid, Scottish musicians (The Proclaimers)
1966 - Michael Irvin, American football player
1969 - MC Solaar, French rapper
1970 - John Frusciante, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
1970 - Lisa Robin Kelly, American actress
1971 - Jeffrey Hammonds, American baseball player
1971 - Evil Jared Hasselhoff, American musician (Bloodhound Gang)
1971 - Yuri Lowenthal, American actor/author
1972 - Luca Turilli, Italian musician (Rhapsody)
1973 - Yannis Anastasiou, Greek footballer
1973 - Ryan Franklin, American baseball player
1974 - Kevin Connolly, American television actor and comedian
1974 - Jens Jeremies, German footballer
1974 - Matt Lucas, English comedian
1974 - Eva Mendes, American actress
1975 - Jolene Blalock, American actress
1975 - Sasho Petrovski, Australian soccer player
1975 - Niki Taylor, American model
1975 - Luciano Burti, Brazilian racing driver
1976 - Šarūnas Jasikevičius, Lithuanian basketball player
1976 - Paul Konerko, American baseball player
1977 - Bryan Berard, American ice hockey player
1977 - Mike MacDougal, American baseball player
1977 - Wally Szczerbiak, American basketball player
1981 - Paul Martin, American ice hockey player
1982 - Daniel Carter, New Zealand Rugby player
1982 - Giorgia Palmas, Italian television personality and model
1985 - Ken'ichi Matsuyama, Japanese actor
1986 - Matty Fryatt, English footballer
1988 - Trevor Carson, Northern Irish footballer
1988 - Bjarni Viðarsson, Icelandic footballer
1989 - Jake Lloyd, American actor Holidays and observances

St Piran's Day - Cornwall's national day.
Saint Adrian (died 308)
Feast of St. Ciarán Saighir, patron of the Diocese of Ossory, in Irish calendar.
Saint Theophile (d. 195)
Saint Gerarda
Saint Olivia (d. 308)
March 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

A world view (or worldview) is a term calqued from the German word Weltanschauung ([ˈvɛlt.ʔanˌʃaʊ.ʊŋ] (help·info)) Welt is the German word for 'world,' and Anschauung is the German word for 'view' or 'outlook'. It implies a concept fundamental to German philosophy and epistemology and refers to a wide world perception. Additionally, it refers to the framework of ideas and beliefs through which an individual interprets the world and interacts in it. The German word is also in wide use in English, as well as the translated form world outlook. (Compare with ideology).

Origins of world views
A worldview describes a consistent (to a varying degree) and integral sense of existence and provides a framework for generating, sustaining, and applying knowledge.
The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Lee Whorf describes how the syntactic-semantic structure of a language becomes an underlying structure for the Weltanschauung of a people through the organization of the causal perception of the world and the linguistic categorization of entities. As linguistic categorization emerges as a representation of worldview and causality, it further modifies social perception and thereby leads to a continual interaction between language and perception.
The theory, or rather hypothesis, was well received in the late 1940s, but declined in prominence after a decade. In the 1990s, new research gave further support for the linguistic relativity theory, in the works of Stephen Levinson and his team at the Max Planck institute for Psycholinguistics at Nijmegen, The Netherlands [1]. The theory has also gained attention through the work of Lera Boroditsky at Stanford University.

Weltanschauung and cognitive philosophy
As natural language becomes manifestations of world perception, the literature of a people with common Weltanschauung emerges as holistic representations of the wide world perception of the people. Thus the extent and commonality between world folk-epics becomes a manifestation of the commonality and extent of a worldview.
Epic poems are shared often by people across political borders and across generations. Examples of such epics include the Nibelungenlied of the Germanic-Scandinavian people, The Silappadhikaram of the South Indian people, The Gilgamesh of the Mesopotamian-Sumerian civilization and the people of the Fertile Crescent at large, The Arabian nights of the Arab world and the Sundiata epic of the Mandé people.
See also: list of world folk-epics

Worldview and folk-epics
The 'construction of integrating worldviews' begins from fragments of worldviews offered to us by the different scientific disciplines and the various systems of knowledge. It is contributed to by different perspectives that exist in the world's different cultures. This is the main topic of research at the Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies.
It should be noted that while Apostel and his followers clearly hold that individuals can construct worldviews, other writers regard worldviews as operating at a community level, and/or in an unconscious way. For instance, if one's worldview is fixed by one's language, as according to a strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, one would have to learn or invent a new language in order to construct a new worldview.
According to Apostel, a worldview should comprise seven elements:

An ontology, a descriptive model of the world
An explanation of the world
A futurology, answering the question "where are we heading?".
Values, answers to ethical questions: "What should we do?".
A praxeology, or methodology, or theory of action.: "How should we attain our goals?"
An epistemology, or theory of knowledge. "What is true and false?"
An etiology. A constructed world-view should contain an account of its own "building blocks", its origins and construction. Construction of worldviews

Impact of worldviews
The term denotes a comprehensive set of opinions, seen as an organic unity, about the world as the medium and exercise of human existence. Weltanschauung serves as a framework for generating various dimensions of human perception and experience like knowledge, politics, economics, religion, culture, science, and ethics. For example, worldview of causality as uni-directional, cyclic, or spiral generates a framework of the world that reflects these systems of causality. A uni-directional view of causality is present in some monotheistic views of the world with a beginning and an end and a single great force with a single end (e.g., Christianity and Islam), while a cyclic worldview of causality is present in religious tradition which is cyclic and seasonal and wherein events and experiences recur in systematic patterns (e.g., Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and Hinduism).
These worldviews of causality not only underlie religious traditions but also other aspects of thought like the purpose of history, political and economic theories, and systems like democracy, authoritarianism, anarchism, capitalism, socialism, and communism.
The worldview of linear and non-linear causality generates various related/conflicting disciplines and approaches in scientific thinking. The Weltanschauung of the temporal contiguity of act and event leads to underlying diversifications like determinism vs. free will. A worldview of Freewill leads to disciplines that are governed by simple laws that remain constant and are static and empirical in scientific method, while a worldview of determinism generates disciplines that are governed with generative systems and rationalistic in scientific method.
Some forms of Philosophical naturalism and materialism reject the validity of entities inaccessible to natural science. They view the scientific method as the most reliable model for building and understanding of the world.

Other aspects
Various writers suggest that religious or philosophical belief-systems should be seen as worldviews rather than a set of individual hypotheses or theories. The Japanese Philosopher Nishida Kitaro wrote extensively on "the Religious Worldview" in exploring the philosophical significance of Eastern religions