- to the north  - to the north-east  - to the east  - to the south-east  - to the south-west  - to the west  - to the north-west Morningside (2.3 km) Sandringham (1081 m) Wesley (1.6 km) New Windsor (1.5 km) Avondale (2.2 km) Waterview (2.8 km) Owairaka is an Auckland suburb.
Owairaka is under the local governance of the Auckland City Council.
According to the 2001 census, Owairaka has a population of 6678.

The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) is a 15-metre submillimetre-wavelength telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii. It is the largest astronomical telescope in the world designed specifically to operate in the submillimetre regime (between the far-infrared and the microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum). It is used to study our Solar System, interstellar dust and gas, and distant galaxies.
The JCMT is funded by a partnership between the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands. It is operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre and was named in honour of James Clerk Maxwell. It is located near the summit of Mauna Kea at an altitude of 4092 meters as part of the Mauna Kea Observatory. The JCMT has the second largest telescope mirror on Mauna Kea (largest is the VLBA antenna).
This telescope was combined with the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory to form the first submillimeter interferometer. The success of this experiment was important in pushing ahead the construction of the Submillimeter Array and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array interferometers.

Instrumentation

Infrared astronomy
Submillimetre astronomy
Far infrared astronomy
Radio astronomy

South Shore is one of 77 officially designated community areas of Chicago, Illinois in the United States. It is a predominately African American neighborhood, in recent years, the neighborhood has become more diverse, located on Chicago's southern lakefront. It is a relatively stable and gentrifying neighborhood that has generally been long neglected. Many middle-class people have re-settled in the neighborhood, restoring some of the most beautiful homes on the city's south side. Luxury condominium conversions are plentiful.
The jewel of the neighborhood is the South Shore Cultural Center, previously a country club. The South Shore Country Club began as a lakefront retreat for the wealthiest of Chicago's movers and shakers. Marshall and Fox, architects of the Drake, Blackstone, and Edgewater Beach Hotels, were hired to design an opulent, Mediterranean-style clubhouse for a membership that included Chicago's most prominent families. The grounds provided a private stable, beach, and golf course. Tennis, horseback riding, and skeet shooting were enjoyed by guests the likes of Jean Harlow, Will Rogers, and Amelia Earhardt. Between the first and second World Wars, a housing boom brought the development of luxury cooperative apartments and mansions to the neighborhood surrounding the club. In 1974 the club held its last members-only event. Today, the Chicago Park District owns the property. It has been restored to its original design and is now open to the public.
At the northern end of South Shore is the historic district Jackson Park Highlands which is one of Chicago's greatest examples of structural history and 19th-Century architecture, with an abundance of homes in the style of American Four-Square, Colonial Revival, and Renaissance Revival on suburban sized lots.
Located in the Bryn Mawr section of South Shore is the Allan Miller House located at 7121 South Paxton Avenue. Commissioned by advertising executive Allan Miller, this home is an excellent example of Prairie-style architecture. Built in 1915, it is Chicago's only surviving building designed by John Van Bergen, a former member of Frank Lloyd Wright's architecture firm.
Recently, a Starbucks has opened up a shop in South Shore, which has generally been a healthy indicator for an area's economic development.
South Shore has long been a popular neighborhood among the African American community because of its rich history and its proximity to downtown Chicago.

Jackson Park Highlands
South Shore Jackson Park

Official City of Chicago South Shore Community Map

Saint Ludger (also Lüdiger or Liudger) (born at Zuilen near Utrecht about 742; died 26 March 809 at Billerbeck) was a missionary among the Frisians and Saxons, founder of Werden Abbey and first bishop of Münster in Westphalia.

Early life to ordination
After Ludger had been ordained at Cologne on 7 July 777 the missions of Ostergau (or Ostracha, i.e., East Frisia) were committed to his charge, of which missions Dokkum, the place of the martyrdom of Saint Boniface, was made the centre. Every autumn however he came back to Utrecht to teach at the cathedral school. He worked in this way for about seven years, until Widukind in 784 persuaded the Frisians to drive out the missionaries, burn the churches, and return to the pagan gods. Ludger escaped with his disciples.
Ludger escaped with his disciples, and in 785 visited Rome, where he was well received by Pope Adrian I, who gave him much advice and special faculties. From Rome he went to Monte Cassino, where he lived according to the Rule of Saint Benedict, but did not bind himself by vows. The news of Widukind's submission, and the arrival of Charlemagne at Monte Cassino in 787, put an end to Ludger's peaceful retirement. He was appointed missionary to five districts east of the river Lauwers, around the estuaries of the Hunze, the Fivel, and the Ems, which were still occupied almost entirely by pagans. He began his work armed with characteristic energy and faith in God, and had a significant advantage in that he knew the language and habits of the people, and put this knowledge to good use in achieving their conversion.
He worked in many places: the island of Bant, long since sunk beneath the sea, is mentioned as the scene of his apostolic work. He visited Heligoland (Fossitesland), where Saint Willibrord had preached, where he destroyed the remains of paganism and built a Christian church. The well, formerly sacred to the pagan gods, he re-dedicated as his baptismal font. On his return he met the blind bard Bernlef, last of the Frisian skalds, cured his blindness, and made him a devout Christian.

The Netherlands
In 793 Charlemagne wished to make Ludger Bishop of Trier, but he declined, while declaring himself willing to undertake the evangelization of the Saxons. Charlemagne accepted the offer, and north-western Saxony was thus added to Ludger's missionary field. The monastery of St. Ludger's Abbey at Helmstedt was founded as part of his missionary activity in this part of Germany. To meet necessary expenses the income of the Abbey of Leuze, in the present Belgian province of Hainaut, was given him, and he was told to pick his fellow-workers from the members of that abbey.
As Mimigernaford (also Mimigardeford or Miningarvard) had been designated the centre of the new district, Ludger built a monastery there, from which the place took the name of Münster. Here he lived with his monks according to the rule of Saint Chrodegang of Metz, which in 789 had been made obligatory in the Frankish territories. He also built a chapel on the left bank of the Aa in honour of the Blessed Virgin, as well as the churches of Billerbeck, Coesfeld, Hersfeld, Nottuln and others. Near the church of Nottuln he built a home for his sister, Saint Gerburgis, who had consecrated herself to God. Many other women soon joined her, and so originated the first convent in Westphalia (c. 803). Better known among his foundations, however, is the abbey at Werden, founded (after an abortive attempt to establish a religious house at Wichmond on the Erft) in c. 800 and consecrated in 804, on ground which Ludger himself had acquired, in fulfilment of his desire, formed since his stay at Monte Cassino, to found a Benedictine house.

Death and relics
The successive Vitae, beginning with the serious contemporary biographical work of Altfrid and passing through the Vita Secunda and Vita Tertia to the Libellus Monasteriensis de miraculis sancti Liudgeri (The Little Book of Münster on the Miracles of Saint Ludger) of c. 1170, demonstrate the growth of the legend. Votive practice in Münster seems to have focussed on a very large and elaborate cross containing a number of relics of the saint. The cult seems to have remained mostly local, and largely to have faded in the later Middle Ages.
Ludger is represented either as a bishop reciting his breviary or as standing between two geese (occasionally described as swans). Feast: 26 March.

This article is about the Scottish football club. For the Maltese football club, see Hibernians F.C.
Hibernian Football Club (informally known as Hibs, Hibbies and Hibees) are a Scottish professional football club based in Leith, north Edinburgh. Along with city rivals Hearts, they represent Edinburgh in the Scottish Premier League. The club is currently managed by John Collins with Tommy Craig as his assistant.

History
On August 13, 1887, Hibernian defeated Preston North End in a match co-billed by the FA and SFA as the Association Football Championship of the World decider, due to the two teams' achievements in their respective domestic cup trophies.

"World Champions"
The team colours are emerald green and white. The strip has a green body, with white sleeves, a white collar, and green cuffs (on long sleeved tops). The shorts are white, and the socks are green with white tops.
Hibernian introduced white sleeves to their shirts on 13 August 1938 against Hamilton Accies after a major brightening up of Easter Road had taken place. The harp and shamrocks at the entrance had been repainted as had the stand and the wall round the pitch and the terracing barriers had all been painted white. The goalposts had been replaced with oval ones with green nets. On that day, Harry Swan addressed the large crowd over new loudspeakers about "the brighter Easter Road" before the team appeared in their new strip.
For the 2004/2005 season, the colour of the shorts was changed to a green which matches the shirt colour. This was done to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the club's 2-0 friendly win over Real Madrid, as this was the kit worn for this friendly match (to avoid a clash with Madrid's all-white).

Colours
Hibernian were the first British club to appear in European competition, when they were invited to play in the inaugrural Champions Cup in the 1955/56 season. Playing their first game against German side Rot-Weiss Essen, Hibernian won 4-0 in Essen and the return tie in Scotland ended in a 1-1 draw. Hibernian went on to reach the semi-finals, only to be defeated by a Stade de Reims side inspired by Raymond Kopa.

First British club in Europe
In 1977 Hibernian became the first prominant British club to have sponsorship on their shirts (the sponsor was Bukta). Strangely enough, Hibernian chairman Tom Hart had previously banned television cameras from Easter Road but when Hibs created shirt advertising the television companies boycotted Hibs. The eventual compromise was that Hibs wore purple shirts and then yellow shirts when TV cameras were present.

First Scottish club to have shirt advertising
In 1980 Hibernian were the first Scotish club to have undersoil heating installed at it's home ground Easter Road.

First Scottish club to have undersoil heating
The last major trophy won by the club was the 2007 League Cup, when they defeated Kilmarnock 5-1 in the final. They also reached the League Cup final in 2004, losing to Livingston. Hibernian have not won the Scottish Cup since 1902. Their last appearance in the final was a 3-0 loss to Celtic in 2001.
Hibernian's most recent relegation to the First Division came at the end of the 1997-98 season. They immediately won promotion back to the SPL, however, in the 1998-99 season, helped by a run of 12 wins in a row on as they were crowned First Division champions. They earned a record total of 89 points and finished 23 points ahead of second-placed Falkirk.

Recent history
Fans of Hibernian have recently developed a connection with Dutch Eredivisie side FC Groningen. The unofficial connection between the teams was started by fans of both teams who have visited the other's matches.

Link with Groningen
Hibs' traditional local rivals in the city of Edinburgh are Hearts.
The first "official" derby match was on Christmas Day 1875, when Hearts beat Hibernian 1–0. It wasn't until their five-game struggle for the EFA Cup in 1878, that the two clubs became the dominant ones in Edinburgh. Hearts won 3–2 after 0–0, 1–1, 1–1 and 1–1 draws. The clubs' most notable meeting occurred in the 1896 Scottish Cup Final, played on 14 March 1896, Hearts winning 3-1 at Logie Green in the only final played outside Glasgow.
For more detailed information on this rivalry, please see the separate Edinburgh derby article.

Rivalry
Tony Mowbray was appointed Hibs manager on 24 May 2004, replacing the unpopular Bobby Williamson. Mowbray placed an emphasis on playing attacking, passing football, despite the relative youth of the team and the pressure for results.

Tony Mowbray era
These policies were rewarded with a 3rd place finish in Mowbray's first season as manager (2004-05), and a place in the UEFA Cup for the following season (2005-06). Hibs reached the semi-final stage of the Scottish Cup where they lost 1-2 to Dundee United, despite taking the lead early in the second half.

2004-05 season
In the 2005-06 season, Hibs got off to an excellent start, winning 10 of their first 14 league games. This form led to speculation by some commentators that they could put in a challenge for the championship, but Tony Mowbray played down the club's chances, pointing to the lack of squad depth and the much higher budgets of Rangers, Celtic and Hearts. Highlights of the season included three consecutive victories over Rangers and a 2-0 victory over Hearts, ending Hearts' unbeaten start to the league. The lost 3-0 to Dunfermline Athletic in the League Cup. They showed promising signs in the Scottish Cup, beating Arbroath 6-0, Rangers 3-0 and Falkirk 5-1, but were well beaten 0-4 by City rivals Hearts in the semi-final at Hampden Park.

2005-06 season
For further information, see Hibernian FC season 2006-07.

2006-07 under Mowbray
Following media speculation about Falkirk manager John Hughes, Cowdenbeath manager Mixu Paatelainen and Nottingham Forest coach Ian McParland, it was announced on 31 October 2006 that John Collins would be the new manager, with Tommy Craig as assistant manager.

John Collins
For further information, see Hibernian FC season 2006-07.

2006-07 under John Collins
For further information, see Hibernian FC season 2007-08.

2007-08
The club's name is almost universally shortened to Hibs. However, the team are also often known by their fans by the nickname "the Hibees" (pronounced "high-bees"). Hibs supporters are known as "Hibbies" (singular: "Hibby"). Also many fans call them "The Cabbage", as per the Cockney Rhyming Slang "The Cabbage And Ribs" after which a pub in Albert Street, Edinburgh was named.

Managers
As of 7 September 2007.

Players

Current squad

Players out on loan
The most famous group of Hibs players were the "Famous Five" forward line of the late 1940s and early 1950s: Gordon Smith, Bobby Johnstone, Lawrie Reilly, Eddie Turnbull and Willie Ormond. This group led Hibs to three league championships between 1948 and 1952.
The next most famous group of Hibs players was "Turnbull's Tornados", managed by Eddie Turnbull, including players such as Pat Stanton, Alan Gordon, Joe Harper, John Blackley, John Brownlie, Des Bremner and Erich Schaedler. This group led Hibs to a League Cup win in 1972 and two Drybrough Cup wins.
Other notable players have included Joe Baker, Peter Cormack and Peter Marinello in the 1960s; Alan Rough and Gordon Durie in the 1980s; and John Collins, Andy Goram and Jim Leighton in the 1990s. Former Manchester United player George Best was with the club for half a season, playing 22 games and scoring 3 goals.
Notable Hibs players since 2000 include:

Russell Latapy - Trinidad and Tobago World Cup player (2006), now with Falkirk
Franck Sauzée - former France international and European Cup winner (with Olympique Marseille), now retired
Ulises de la Cruz - Ecuador World Cup player (2002 & 2006), now with Reading
Ian Murray - Scotland international, now with Norwich City
Garry O'Connor - current Scotland international, now with Birmingham City
Derek Riordan - Scotland international, now with Celtic
Gary Caldwell - current Scotland international, now with Celtic
Kevin Thomson - former club captain and Scotland under-21 international, now with Rangers
Chris Killen - current New Zealand international, now with Celtic
Scott Brown - current Scotland international, now with Celtic
Ivan Sproule - current Northern Ireland international, now with Bristol City
Steven Whittaker - Scotland under-21 international, now with Rangers Famous players
The club has been mentioned in many works of literature, mainly by local authors. The works of author Irvine Welsh (Trainspotting) contain several references to Hibernian, presumably due to his being a native of Leith. The team is often mentioned in casual conversation and is the team many of his characters support. There are many references to Hibernian's firm support. Visual references to Hibs are noticeable in the films adapted from his works. More observant persons would have spotted many images of Hibernian in Danny Boyle's film, Trainspotting, such as Begbie wearing a Hibs shirt while he plays five-a-side. During the famous baby on the ceiling/detox scene, many posters and pictures of Hibernian can be seen on the walls of Mark Renton's bedroom.
In the final short film in the trilogy The Acid House, with the same title as the movie, Coco Bryce, a boy from the "Hibs firm", is struck by lightning while under the influence of LSD in a Pilton park only to have his soul transferred to the body of an unborn child from one of the more affluent areas of Edinburgh. The final scene of the movie is that of Coco in the baby's body strapped to his mother's back with a Hibs top in the pub chanting "Oo to, oo to be, oo to be a Hibee".
Hibernian are also frequently referred to in the Inspector Rebus detective series by Ian Rankin. In the later books, Rebus's colleague DS Siobhan Clarke is a season ticket holder at Easter Road. In the 2006 television adaptation of the series, Rebus (a Raith Rovers fan in the books) is the Hibs fan.
In their song "Cap in Hand", from the album Sunshine on Leith (1988), The Proclaimers sing, "I can understand why Stranraer lie so lowly / They could save a lot of points by signing Hibs' goalie". The title track from this album has become a Hibs anthem, and is traditionally played before matches at Easter Road.

In popular culture

Highest home attendance: 65,860 vs Hearts; 2 January 1950
Record fee paid - £750k for Ulises de la Cruz in 2000 from Deportivo Quito Club records
Hibs last won the Scottish Cup with a 1-0 victory over Celtic on 26 April 1902. They have been in 10 finals and 19 semi-finals. Hibs have played a record 333 games in the competition without winning the competition. Dumbarton and Queen's Park have gone longer since their last wins, but have played fewer matches in the intervening period.
Sat 12 February 1887
Hibernian
2
Dumbarton
1
Sat 14 March 1896
Hibernian
1
Heart of Midlothian
3
Sat 26 April 1902
Hibernian
1
Celtic
0
Sat 11 April 1914
Hibernian
0
Celtic
0
Thu 16 April 1914
Hibernian
1
Celtic
4
Sat 31 March 1923
Hibernian
0
Celtic
1
Sat 19 April 1924
Hibernian
0
Airdrieonians
2
Sat 19 April 1947
Hibernian
1
Aberdeen
2
Sat 26 April 1958
Hibernian
0
Clyde
1
Sat 6 May 1972
Hibernian
1
Celtic
6
Sat 12 May 1979
Hibernian
0
Rangers
0
Wed 16 May 1979
Hibernian
0
Rangers
0
Mon 28 May 1979
Hibernian
2
Rangers
3
Sat 26 May 2001
Hibernian
0
Celtic
3

Scottish Cup finals
NB Hibs won the 1943-44 Southern League Cup vs Rangers 6-5 on corners after the game ended 0-0.
28 October 1950
Hibernian
0
Motherwell
3
5 April 1969
Hibernian
2
Celtic
6
9 December 1972
Hibernian
2
Celtic
1
26 October 1974
Hibernian
3
Celtic
6
27 October 1985
Hibernian
0
Aberdeen
3
27 October 1991
Hibernian
2
Dunfermline Athletic
0
24 October 1993
Hibernian
1
Rangers
2
14 March 2004
Hibernian
0
Livingston
2
18 March 2007
Hibernian
5
Kilmarnock
1

Honours

Hibernian FC season 2006-07
Hibernian FC season 2007-08

Ecological genetics is the study of genetics in the context of the interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their environment. While molecular genetics studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level, ecological genetics (and the related field of population genetics) studies phenotypic evolution in natural populations of organisms. Research in this field is of traits of ecological significance — that is, traits related to fitness, which affect an organism's survival and reproduction (e.g., flowering time, drought tolerance, sex ratio).
Studies are often done on insects and other organisms that have short generation times, and thus evolve at fast rates.

History
Although work on natural populations had been done previously, it is acknowledged that the field was founded by the English biologist E.B. Ford (1901-1988) in the early 20th century. Ford was taught genetics at Oxford University by Julian Huxley, and started research on the genetics of natural populations in 1924. Ecological Genetics is the title of his 1964 'magnum opus' on the subject (4th ed 1975). Other notable ecological geneticists would include Theodosius Dobzhansky who worked on chromosome polymorphism in fruit flies. As a young researcher in Russia, Dobzhansky had been influenced by Sergei Chetverikov, who also deserves to be remembered as a founder of genetics in the field, though his significance was not appreciated until much later.
Philip Sheppard, Cyril Clarke, Bernard Kettlewell and A.J. Cain were all strongly influenced by Ford; their careers date from the post WWII era. Collectively, their work on lepidoptera, and on human blood groups, established the field, and threw light on selection in natural populations where its role had been once doubted.
Work of this kind needs long-term funding, as well as grounding in both ecology and genetics. These are both difficult requirements. Research projects can last longer than a researcher's career; for instance, research into mimicry started 150 years ago, and is still going strongly. Funding of this type of research is still rather erratic, but at least the value of working with natural populations in the field cannot now be doubted.
More detail on Ecological genetics may be obtained in Polymorphism (biology).

Strathfield is an Inner West suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Strathfield is located 14 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district and is the administrative centre of the local government area of the Municipality of Strathfield. Part of the suburb also sits in the local government area of the City of Canada Bay. North Strathfield and Strathfield South are separate suburbs, to the south.
Strathfield is bounded by the suburbs of Burwood to the east, Concord, North Strathfield and Homebush to the north, Enfield, Strathfield South to the south and Rookwood Cemetery to the west.

History
Strathfield is known as a regional centre for education and Strathfield railway station is a transport hub. Strathfield town centre contains Strathfield Plaza shopping centre and a small strip of shops, restaurants, cafes and a Police shopfront.
The square precinct has become a relatively regular shooting location for the ABC comedy's The Chaser's War on Everything vox pop interviews.
Strathfield Square
The Boulevarde
Whelans Hotel, Everton Road

Commercial Area
Strathfield railway station is a major interchange on the CityRail network and for buses serving the inner west. The M4 Western Motorway begins at Strathfield and heads west to Parramatta, Blacktown and Penrith. Parramatta Road links Strathfield east to Burwood and the Sydney CBD and west to Parramatta.

Transport
The suburb is home to a significant number of schools. Independent schools include:
There are also a number of state schools in the area:
The suburb is also home to two tertiary institutions, a campus of Australian Catholic University, the former home of the Christian Brothers novitiate and Catholic Teachers' College. The Catholic Institute of Sydney, where priests for the Archdiocese of Sydney are trained, is located on the site of the old Australia Post training centre.
Santa Sabina College
Santa Sabina College
Santa Sabina College
Santa Sabina College
Holyrood, Santa Sabina College
Santa Sabina College
Santa Sabina College
Brunyarra, Santa Maria Del Monte
Lauriston, Santa Maria Del Monte
Meriden Anglican School, Redmyre Road
St Patrick's College from Kessel Square
St Marthas Catholic School
Catholic Institute
Catholic Institute

St Patrick's College (5-12)
Santa Sabina College (7-12)
Santa Maria Del Monte, the junior school of Santa Sabina College (K-6)
Meriden Anglican School for Girls (K-12)
St Martha's Catholic Primary School (K-6)
Sydney Adventist College (7-12)
Trinity Grammar Preparatory School (K-6)
Strathfield Girls High (7-12)
Strathfield South High (7-12)
Strathfield South Public School (K-6)
Homebush Boys High (7-12)
Homebush Public School (K-6) Churches
Strathfield has a mixture of residential developments from detached houses, flats and high-rise apartments. Strathfield is renowned for heritage properties from Victorian, Federation, Interwar period architecture, Californian Bungalows and also more modern forms of architecture. Strathfield is also known for its newer McMansion style houses that have been built over the last decade, particularly in areas such as Newton Road.
Glen Luna, Carrington Avenue
Raw Square
Raw Square

Houses

Population
According to the 2006 census, Strathfield had a total population of 24,859 people. It is one the most culturally-diverse suburbs in Sydney, particularly so in the high-density housing regions around Strathfield railway station. Ancestry of residents is Chinese 18.7%, Australian 13.0%, English 9.4%, Indian 8.7%, Italian 6.7%, Other or undeclared 43.5%. Source: 2006 census
Overall, 49.1% of the Strathfield population was born overseas, 5.6% from China and 4.9% from India. It has undergone a major cultural shift over the past ten years, especially through the huge influx of Korean migrants. While the 1996 census did not specifically state the number of residents born in Korean, they comprised 9.1% of all residents in 2001. (Source: Dictionary of Sydney)

Demographics

Prime Ministers (George Reid, Billy Hughes and Frank Forde)
NSW Premier James McGirr
Test cricketers (Bob Simpson and Alan Davidson)
Singer/songwriters and international pop-stars The BeeGees, (who lived in Redmyre Road early in their career). Culture

Strathfield Massacre
History of Strathfield, New South Wales

Located in Point Loma, a neighborhood of San Diego, California, Naval Base Point Loma (NBPL) consists of 9 geographically separated complexes to include Subase, DFSP Fuel Farm, Bayside, Topside, Seaside, C3F Complex, Fleet ASW, Fleet Intelligence Training Center Complex, Old Town Complex, Taylor Street Complex, Mt. Soledad and Miramar Brig. NBPL provides shore installation support to more than 64 tenant commands with 22,000 military and civilian personnel and more than 450 unique facilities.

The marriage penalty in the United States refers to the higher taxes required from some married couples, where spouses are making approximately the same taxable income, filing one tax return ("married filing jointly") than for the same two people filing two separate tax returns (as single, not "married filing separately"). The percentage of couples affected has varied over the years, depending on shifts in tax rates.
The source of this increase in taxes has its roots in the progressive tax-rate structure in income-tax laws, that is, a higher income pays a higher rate of tax. In such a context income averaging is advantageous to the taxpayer. E.g. two persons, one making $80,000 and the other making $20,000 in a particular year, will pay a larger combined tax than they would if both had an income of $50,000 in the same year.
Married couples normally combine their income which, when the spouses' monetary incomes are disparate, affords them the advantage of this income averaging. To compensate for this somewhat, the U.S. income tax law provides for somewhat higher tax rates on that averaged income (married couples pay more than twice the tax of a single person making half of the income) for the "married filing jointly" taxpayer class. So although couples with disparate incomes (which is the case for a stay-at-home spouse married to a "breadwinner") will gain a tax advantage from the income averaging, married couples having roughly equal personal incomes gain nothing from such income averaging yet remain subject to the higher tax bracket (for "married filing jointly") and thus pay more total tax than they would as two single persons.
Occasionally, this "marriage penalty" has become a campaign issue for various candidates and there have been piecemeal laws enacted to reduce it, none completely successfully.

This so-called marriage penalty showed up in 1969, when Congress tried to equalize what was then an unfair advantage couples held over single taxpayers. [1]
Several years ago, forty-two percent of married taxpayers paid more because they were filing jointly than they would have if they remained single, according to a 1996 Congressional Budget Office analysis. The average penalty was a significant $1,380. [2] Several pieces of legislation have been passed since the late nineties to do away with these penalties. However, through passing those pieces of legislation, the tax system is now such that many couples will experience a marriage benefit.

Tobias Vincent Maguire (born June 27, 1975) is an American actor. He began his career in the 1990s, and has since become best known for his role as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the Spider-Man film series.

Maguire was born in Santa Monica, California. His father, Vincent Maguire, was a construction worker and a cook. His mother, Wendy Brown, is a secretary turned screenwriter and producer.

In Ultimate Spider-Man #54-59 (Hollywood), an unauthorized film is in production about Spider-Man with Doctor Octopus as the main villain. The film's male lead Tobey Maguire, Bruce Campbell, director Sam Raimi and Marvel-movie head Avi Arad appear in cameo roles.
When the writers of the Spider-Girl comic book series first introduced the character of Reilly Tyne/Darkdevil, he is described by Peter Parker in the comic as looking "just like Tobey Maguire", a deliberate nod to Maguire's involvement in the Spider-Man films. Deadpool, who often breaks the fourth wall, recapped the events of the ongoing Marvel Civil War in Cable & Deadpool #31, saying, "And the Boy Scout branch made a big show of cooperating, by having Spider-Man reveal his identity on national TV... as if we hadn't seen the movies already and didn't know it was dreamy doe-eyed Tobey Maguire under the mask!"
In Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #12 Spider-Man/Peter is quoted as saying to the Principal "Well You Want Acting...Go Get Tobey Maguire", a nod to him being played by Tobey in the movies.



The Wizard (1989) (uncredited) Lucas' goon at Video Armageddon
Great Scott! (1992) (TV series) Scott Melrod
This Boy's Life (1993) Chuck Bolger
Healer (1994) Teenager
Revenge of the Red Baron (1994) Jimmy Spencer
Empire Records (1995) (scenes deleted) Andre
Joyride (1996) J.T
The Ice Storm (1997) Paul Hood
Deconstructing Harry (1997) Harvey Stern/Harry's Character
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) Hitchhiker
Pleasantville (1998) David
Ride with the Devil (1999) Jake Roedel
The Cider House Rules (1999) Homer Wells
Wonder Boys (2000) James Leer
Don's Plum (2001) (shot 1995-1996, premiere 2001, blocked in U.S. and Canada by DiCaprio and Maguire, black and white) Ian
Cats & Dogs (2001) Lou the Beagle (voice)
Spider-Man (2002) Peter Parker/Spider-Man
Seabiscuit (2003) Red Pollard
Spider-Man 2 (2004) Peter Parker/Spider-Man
The Good German (2006) Lt. Patrick Tully
Spider-Man 3 (2007) Peter Parker/Spider-Man
Quiet Type (2007)
Cats & Dogs 2: Tinkles' Revenge (2007) Lou the Beagle (voice)
Tokyo Suckerpunch (2008) Billy Chaka
Spider-Man 4 (2010) Peter Parker/Spider-Man
Tobey Maguire at the Internet Movie Database
MisterMaguire.com

Joel Reuben Madden (born March 11, 1979) is the lead vocalist for the band Good Charlotte.
Madden was born in Waldorf, Maryland USA. He attended La Plata High School in La Plata, Maryland. Madden has an older brother named Joshua, who is a DJ, and a younger sister named Sarah. He also has a twin brother named Benji Madden who plays guitar in Good Charlotte. They also now live on the same street in Glendale, California.

Clothing lines
Madden dated Hilary Duff for two and a half years before their relationship ended in November 2006. Later that year in December 2006, Joel and Nicole Richie became a couple. In June and July, 2007, numerous media outlets were stating that Nicole was pregnant with Joel's baby. These rumors were unadressed by the couple until July 31, 2007 when they confirmed in an interview with Diane Sawyer that Nicole Richie is nearly 4 months pregnant with Madden's child.

Concepts Movement  Theory Film theory  Economics Feminist sexology Women's rights Pro-feminism Anti-feminism History Women's history Feminist history History of feminism Suffrage Women's suffrage Timeline  Suffragette New Zealand   U.K.  U.S. Waves of Feminism First  Second  Third Subtypes
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France Indonesia Iran Latin America Nicaragua Norway U.K. U.S.A. Lists Feminists  Literature Topics Pro-feminism refers to support of the cause of feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the feminist movement. The term is most often used in reference to men who are actively supportive of feminism and of efforts to bring about gender equality. A number of pro-feminist men are involved in political activism, most often in the areas of women's rights and violence against women.
There are pro-feminist men's groups in most nations in the Western world. The activities of pro-feminist men's groups include anti-violence work with boys and young men in schools, offering sexual harassment workshops in workplaces, running community education campaigns, and counseling male perpetrators of violence.
Pro-feminist men also are involved in men's health, activism against pornography including anti-pornography legislation, men's studies, the development of gender equity curricula in schools, and many other areas. This work is sometimes in collaboration with feminists and women's services, such as domestic violence and rape crisis centers.
The term "pro-feminist" is also sometimes used by people who hold feminist beliefs or who advocate on behalf of feminist causes, but who do not consider themselves to be feminists, per se. It is also used by those who do not identify with, or wish for others to identify them with, the feminist movement.
Some activists of both genders will not refer to men as "feminists" at all, and will refer to all pro-feminist men as "pro-feminists", even if the men in question refer to themselves as "feminists". There is also criticism from the 'other side' against "pro-feminist" men who refuse to identify as feminist.
Most major feminist groups, most notably the National Organization for Women and the Feminist Majority Foundation, refer to male activists as feminists rather than as pro-feminists.

National variations
In the United States, each individual state has its own law governing their formation. Limited liability partnerships emerged in the early 1990s: while only two states allowed LLPs in 1992, over forty had adopted LLP statutes by the time LLPs were added to the Uniform Partnership Act in 1996.
Although found in many business fields, the LLP is an especially popular form of organization among professionals, particularly lawyers, accountants and architects. In some U.S. states, namely California, New York, Oregon and Nevada,, LLPs can only be formed for such professional uses.
The liability of the partners varies from state to state. Section 306(c) of the Revised Uniform Partnership Act (1997)(RUPA) (a standard statute adopted by a majority of the states) grants LLPs a form of limited liability similar to that of a corporation:
An obligation of a partnership incurred while the partnership is a limited liability partnership, whether arising in contract, tort, or otherwise, is solely the obligation of the partnership. A partner is not personally liable, directly or indirectly, by way of contribution or otherwise, for such an obligation solely by reason of being or so acting as a partner.
However, a sizable minority of states only extend such protection against negligence claims, meaning that partners in an LLP can be personally liable for contract and intentional tort claims brought against the LLP. While Tennessee and West Virginia have otherwise adopted RUPA, their respective adoptions of Section 306 depart from the uniform language, and only a partial liability shield is provided.
As in a partnership or limited liability company (LLC), the profits of an LLP are allocated among the partners for tax purposes, avoiding the problem of "double taxation" often found in corporations.
Some US states have combined the LP and LLP forms to create limited liability limited partnerships.

United States
Starting a business and incorporating an LLP, or any other company in the EU: http://ec.europa.eu/youreurope/nav/en/business/life-events/start/index.html,
See also: http://ec.europa.eu/youreurope/nav/en/business/life-events/start/companies-legalstructure/index_en.html

European Union
In the United Kingdom LLPs are governed by the Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000. A UK Limited Liability Partnership is a Corporate body - that is to say, it has a continuing legal existence independent of its Members, as compared to a Partnership which may (in England and Wales they do not) have a legal existence dependent upon its Membership.
A UK LLP's members have a collective ("Joint") responsibility, to the extent that they may agree in an "LLP agreement", but no individual ("several") responsibility for each other's actions. As with a limited liability company or a corporation Members in an LLP cannot, in the absence of fraud or wrongful trading, lose more than they invest.
A UK LLP is tax transparent or pass-through for tax purposes, that is to say it pays no tax but its Members do in relation to the income or gains they receive through the LLP.
It is a unique entity in its synthesis of collective and individual rights and responsibilities and its infinite flexibility - there is in fact no requirement for the LLP agreement even to be in writing because simple partnership-based regulations apply by way of default provisions.
It has to date been closely replicated by Japan - see below - and by the financial centres of Dubai and Qatar. It is perhaps closest in nature to a limited liability company in the United States of America although it may be distinguished from that entity by the fact that the LLC, while having a legal existence independent of its Members is not technically a Corporate body because its legal existence is time limited and therefore not "continuing". See also EUROPEAN UNION (EU) above.

United Kingdom
Limited liability partnerships (有限責任事業組合, yūgen sekinin jigyō kumiai
A Japanese LLP is not a corporation, but rather exists as a contractual relationship between the partners, similarly to an American LLP. Japan also has a type of corporation with a partnership-styled internal structure, called a godo kaisha, which is closer in form to a British LLP or American limited liability company.

Japan
See Société En Participation See also EUROPEAN UNION (EU) above.

France
See Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung NOTE: A Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung(GmbH), is NOT a LLP, but a corporation. See also EUROPEAN UNION (EU) above.

India
See also EUROPEAN UNION (EU) above. See Societate civilă profesională cu răspundere limitată

A church is an association of people who share a particular belief system. The term church originated from Greek "karakion", meaning "of the lord". The term later began to replace the Greek ekklesia and Basilicae within Christendom, c. AD 300, though it was used by Christians before that time.

Origins
Many believe the Church, as described in the Bible, has a twofold character that can be described as the visible and invisible church. As the Church invisible, the church consists of all those from every time and place, who are vitally united to Christ through regeneration and salvation and who will be eternally united to Jesus Christ in eternal life. The Church visible consists of all those who visibly join themselves to a profession of faith and gathering together to know and serve the Head of the Church, Jesus Christ. The visible church exists globally in all who identify themselves as Christians and locally in particular places where believers gather for the worship of God. The visible church may also refer to an association of particular churches from multiple locations who unite themselves under a common charter and set of governmental principles. The church in the visible sense is often governed by office-bearers carrying titles such as minister, pastor, teacher, elder, and deacon.
Others make the claim that no reference to the church is ever made in the Bible that is not referring to a local visible body, such as the church in someone's house or the church as Ephesis. Those that make this claim believe that the term is sometimes used in an institutional sense in which the term refers to all of a certain type, meaning all of the local visible churches.
Church is taken by some to refer to a single, universal community, although others contend that the doctrine of the universal church was established until later. The doctrine of the universal, visible church was made explicit in the Apostles' Creed, while the less common Protestant notion of the universal, invisible church is not laid out explicitly until the Reformation. The universal church traditions generally espouse that the Church includes all who are baptized into her common faith, including the doctrines of the trinity, forgiveness of sins through the sacrificial action of Christ, and the resurrection of the body. These teachings are expressed in liturgy with the celebration of sacraments, visible signs of grace. They are passed down as the deposit of faith.
Major forms of church government include hierarchical (Roman Catholic, Anglican, Eastern Orthodoxy), presbyterian (rule by elders), and independent (Baptist, charismatic, other forms of independency).

Division No. 1, Newfoundland and Labrador is a census division covering the entire Avalon Peninsula including the Isthmus of Avalon of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Like all census divisions in Newfoundland and Labrador, but unlike the census divisions of some other provinces, the division exists only as a statistical division for census data, and is not a political entity.
The area has the largest population of the province, totaling 248,418 in 2006. The total land area is 9,218.43 square kilometers. The coast of the Avalon Peninsula is inundated by four main bays and a number of smaller bays. The four main bays are; Trinity Bay, Conception Bay, St. Mary's Bay and Placentia Bay. The largest bay would be Placentia Bay.
The capital St. John's, of the province is located in this division along with the second largest of the three cities of the province, Mount Pearl. The majority of the towns and villages are located along the coast in much of the four main bays as mentioned.
Towns include: Admirals Beach, Aquaforte, Arnold's Cove, Avondale, Bauline, Bay Bulls, Bay Roberts, Bay de Verde, Bay Roberts, Biscay Bay, Bishop's Cove, Branch, Brigus, Bryant's Cove, Cape Broyle, Carbonear, Chance Cove, Chapel Arm, Clarke's Beach, Colinet, Colliers, Come By Chance, Conception Bay South, Conception Harbour, Cupids, Fermeuse, Ferryland, Flatrock, Fox Harbour, Gaskiers, Hant's Harbour, Harbour Grace, Harbour Main-Chapel's Cove-Lakeview, Heart's Content, Heart's Delight-Islington, Heart's Desire, Holyrood, Logy Bay-Middle Cove-Outer Cove, Long Harbour-Mount Arlington Heights, Mount Carmel-Mitcells Brook-St. Catherines, New Perlican, Norman's Cove-Long Cove, North River, Old Perlican, Paradise, Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove, Placentia, Point Lance, Point Kirwan, Portugal Cove South, Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, Pouch Cove, Renews, Riverhead, Salmon Cove, Small Point-Adam's Cove-Blackhead-Broad Cove, South River, Southern Harbour, Spaniard's Bay, St. Bride's, St. Joseph's, St. Mary's, St. Shott's, St. Vincent's-St. Stephen's-Peter's RIver, Sunnyside, Torbay, Trepassey, Upper Island Cove, Victoria, Wabana, Whitbourne, Whiteway, Winterton and Witless Bay.
Unorganized Subdivisions:

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